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Table 3 Differences between U13 and U15 handball players in upper body performance variables

From: Physical fitness and throwing speed in U13 versus U15 male handball players

 

U13

U15

AGE

Effect size

OMB (m)

5.9 ± 1.1

8.5 ± 1.4

13.732 (< 0.001)*

2.13 (1.65; 2.62)

HB7 (km·h−1)

66.5 ± 7.5

77.0 ± 5.6

1.688 (0.196)*

1.50 (1.05; 1.94)

HB9 (km·h−1)

66.3 ± 7.0

76.8 ± 4.6

4.034 (0.047)*

1.53 (1.09; 1.98)

Shoulder strength

 Dominant side

  IR (N)

120.3 ± 31.3

137.2 ± 26.1

11.009 (0.001)*

0.56 (0.15; 0.97)

  Norm-IR (N/kg)

2.24 ± 0.55

2.19 ± 0.42

0.226 (0.635)

− 0.10 (− 0.50; 0.31)

  ER (N)

106.4 ± 28.3

134.2 ± 43.2

3.969 (0.049)*

0.83 (0.42; 1.25)

  Norm-ER (N/kg)

1.97 ± 0.47

2.10 ± 0.50

1.596 (0.209)

0.26 (− 0.15; 0.66)

  ER/IR ratio

0.91 ± 0.24

0.97 ± 0.21

1.371 (0.244)

0.24 (− 0.16; 0.64)

 Non-dominant side

  IR (N)

110.5 ± 28.6

130.6 ± 34.7

12.347 (0.001)*

0.66 (0.25; 1.07)

  Norm-IR (N/kg)

2.06 ± 0.47

2.07 ± 0.45

0.010 (0.919)

0.02 (− 0.38; 0.42)

  ER (N)

98.7 ± 25.1

126.2 ± 41.2

6.427 (0.013)*

0.90 (0.48; 1.32)

  Norm-ER (N/kg)

1.82 ± 0.38

1.97 ± 0.47

0.158 (0.692)*

0.35 (− 0.05; 0.76)

  ER/IR ratio

0.91 ± 0.17

0.96 ± 0.15

2.396 (0.124)

0.32 (− 0.09; 0.72)

Bilateral deficit

 IR deficit (%)

7.4 ± 11.7

5.9 ± 14.1

0.334 (0.565)

− 0.12 (− 0.52; 0.28)

 ER deficit (%)

6.5 ± 13.4

5.9 ± 10.7

0.053 (0.818)

− 0.05 (− 0.45; 0.35)

Shoulder ROM

 Dominant side

  IR (°)

65.7 ± 11.5

57.0 ± 10.7

13.951 (< 0.001)

− 0.76 (− 1.17; − 0.35)

  ER (°)

139.6 ± 19.4

159.0 ± 16.0

26.062 (< 0.001)

1.04 (0.62; 1.46)

 Non-dominant side

  IR (°)

71.7 ± 11.5

67.3 ± 11.0

0.013 (0.910)

− 0.39 (− 0.79; 0.02)

  ER (°)

125.4 ± 17.9

142.3 ± 14.2

23.499 (< 0.001)

0.99 (− 0.57; 1.41)

 Bilateral deficit

  IR deficit (°)

− 6.0 ± 10.7

− 10.2 ± 9.8

3.789 (0.054)

− 0.40 (− 0.80; 0.01)

  1. One-way independent measures ANOVA using Age as between subject factor. *One-way independent measures ANCOVAs with Age as between subject factor and MO as covariate. Main effects of age are presented as F values (p). Effect sizes were calculated as Hedge’s g. Positive effect sizes denote that U15 showed better performances than U13. Effect sizes were presented as means (95% confidence intervals)
  2. MBO: overhead medicine ball throw; HB7: 7-m handball throw; HB9: 9-m handball throw; IR: internal rotation; ER: external rotation; Norm-IR: normalized internal rotation strength; Norm-ER: normalized external rotation strength; ROM: range of motion
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BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation

ISSN: 2052-1847

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