Table 2 Changes in the gut microbiota (phenotypes) depend on the level of physical activity
From: Physical activity induced alterations of gut microbiota in humans: a systematic review
OCEBM/Study design | Age (yrs.) | Study group | Method of fecal microbiota analysis | Diversity indexes, F/B ratio | Fecal results of group with high level of physical activity | Reference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phylum/order | Family | Genus | Species | ||||||
Level 2/Cross—sectional | 18–40 | Premenopausal women, N = 40 | sequencing analysis 16S rRNA (V3, V4 region) | → Alpha diversity (Chao1, Shannon) ≠ Beta diversity (PCoA) → F/B | Phylum: no differences | * | ↑Bifidobacterium ↑Coprococcus ↑Paraprevotella ↑ Ruminococcacea unclassified1 ↓Odoribacter ↓Turicibacter ↓Ruminococcacea unclassified2 | ↑Akkermansia muciniphila ↑Faecalibacterium prautznnii ↑Roseburia hominis | [26] |
Level 2/Cross—sectional | 25.7 ± 2.2 | Healthy adults (F, M), N = 37 | sequencing analysis 16S rRNA | ↑F/B | * | * | * | VO2max explained 22% of variance of individual gut bacteria | [27] |
Level 2 /Cross—sectional | > 65 | Older healthy adults (F, M), N = 207 | sequencing analysis 16S rRNA (V3 region) | ↑Alpha diversity (Observed Species) ↑Beta diversity (Bray–Curtis) | Order: ↑Bifidobacteriales ↑Clostridiales | * | * | * | [28] |
Level 2 /Cross—sectional | 18–35 | Healthy adults (F, M), N = 39 | sequencing analysis 16S rRNA (V3, V4 region) | ↑Alpha diversity (Chao, Shannon, Simpson) ≠ Beta diversity (Bray–Curtis) | * | * | ↑Adlercreutzia ↑Coprococus ↑Roseburia ↑Unknown members of Clostridiales | * | [29] |
Level 2/ Cross—sectional | 69–76, 72 average | Seniors (M, F), senior orienteering athletes (n = 28), community-dwelling older adults (n = 70), N = 98 | whole genome sequencing (WGS) | → Alpha diversity (Shannon) » Beta diversity (Jaccard, Unifrac) | * | * | * | ↑Feacalibacterium prausnitzii ↓Bilophila unclassified ↓Parasaturella excrementihominis | [30] |
Level 2/ Cross—sectional | 22.5 ± 2.9 | Students, N = 140 | sequencing analysis 16S rRNA | → Alpha diversity (Shannon) → F/B | * | * | ↓Dialister ↓Lachnobacterium ↓Megasphera ↓Paraprevotella | * | [31] |
Level 2/ Cross—sectional | 78–98, 84 average | Older healthy adults (M), N = 373 | sequencing analysis 16S rRNA (V4 region) | → Alpha diversity (Shannon) » Beta diversity (Unifrac) | * | * | ↑Cetobacterium ↓Coprobacillus ↑Feacalibacterium ↑Streptophyta ↑Clostriudium ↑Lachnospira ↑Prevotella ↓Aldercreutzia ↓Alistipes ↓Anaerotruncus ↓CC-1115 ↓Clostridia SHA-98 ↓Megasphera | * | [32] |
Level 2/ Cross—sectional | 18 ± 0.6 | Students (F, M), N = 373 | sequencing analysis 16S rRNA (V4 region) | → Alpha diversity (Chao1, OTU) ≠ Beta diversity (PCoA) → F/B | * | * | ↑Lachnospira ↓Enterobacteriales genus member | * | [33] |
Level 2/ Cross—sectional | 23.1 ± 3.1 | Students (F, M), N = 59 | sequencing analysis 16S rRNA | * | Phyla: ↓Firmicutes | * | * | * | [34] |
Level 2/ Cross—sectional | 19–49 | Premenopausal women, N = 71 | sequencing analysis 16S rRNA | * | * | * | ↑Bacteroides ↓Enterobacteria | ↓Eubacterium rectale ↓Clostridium coccoides | [35] |
Level 2/ Cross—sectional | > 61 | Older healthy adults, N = 897 | sequencing analysis 16S rRNA | → Alpha diversity (Shannon) | * | ↑Bacteroidaceae ↑Campylobacteraceae ↑Clostridiaceae ↑Corynebacteriaceae ↑Fusobacteriaceae ↑Paraprevotellaceae ↑Peptostreptococcaceae ↑Turicibacteraceae ↓Actinomycetaceae ↓Barnesiellaceae ↓Desulfovibrionaceae ↓Oxalobacteraceae ↓Pseudomonadaceae ↓S24‐7 | [36] | ||