Table 5 The influence of physical activity during training intervention on the human gut microbiotaTable

Level 2/ Cross—sectional

20–45

Lean (BMI 22.2 ± 2.8) and obese individuals (BMI 35.71 ± 5.11) (M, F), N = 33

6 weeks

Progressive training 3 times a week from 30 to 60 min,

60–75% HR

sequencing analysis 1a6S rRNA (V3 region)

Obese individuals:

»Beta diversity (PCoA)

*

*

↑Feacalibacterium spp

↑Lachnospira spp

↑Lachnospiraceae unlassified

↑Roseburia spp

*

[52]

Level 4/ Case study

30 or 33

Ultramarathon or

triathlon (M), N = 2

6 months

Each individual was trained to the level necessary for participation in an endurance-based sport competition

sequencing analysis 16S rRNA

↑Alpha diversity (Shannon)

»Beta diversity (PCoA)

*

*

*

Marathoner:

↑Vaillonella pervula

↓Agathobacter rectalis

Triathlete:

↑Akkermansia munciphila

↑Bifidobacterium longum

↑Methanobravibacter smithii

↓Bifidobacterium animalis

[53]

Level 2/ Cross—sectional

18–31

Students (F, M) Cardiorespiratory exercise (n = 26) Resistance training (n = 26)

N = 52

8 weeks

Cardiorespiratory:

3 times a week,

60 min,

60–90% HR max

Resistance training:

70–85% 1RM,

3–6 sets,

6–12 repetitions

sequencing analysis 16S rRNA (V4 region)

Cardiorespiratory fitness:

»Beta diversity (Bray–Curtis, Jaccard, Unifrac)

Resistance training

 → diversity (Bray–Curtis, Jaccard, Unifrac)

*

*

↑Prevotella

↑Romboutsia

↑Dialister

*

[54]

Level 1/ Cross—sectional

18–40

Healthy adults, BMI 22–35 kg/m2

(F, M), N = 25

8 weeks

Exercise 3 times a week

Cardiorespiratory fitness: prospective 5, 7, 10 RTE

Resistance training:

70% RM,

3 sets, 8 repetitions, progressive load

metagenomic DNA sequencing

 → Alpha diversity (Shannon)

 ≠ Beta diversity (Bray–Curtis)

*

*

*

*

[55]

Level 1/ Cross—sectional

20–45

Overweight and obese individuals (F, M), Control n = 14, Cycling to work n = 19, Exercise I n = 31, Exercise II n = 24) BMI 25–35 kg/m², N—88

6 months

Cycling to work:

Exercise I: 50% VO_{2peak-reserve}

Exercise II: 70% VO_{2peak-reserve}

5 times a week

sequencing analysis 16S rRNA

Exercise I:

 → Alpha diversity (Shannon)

»Beta diversity (Bray–Curtis)

Exercise II:

↑Alpha diversity (Shannon) 5%

»Beta diversity (Bray–Curtis)

*

*

*

*

[56]

Level 2/ Cross—sectional

Soldiers23.9 ± 1.9

Control: 30.0 ± 8.8

Soldiers (n = 66) or healthy adults (control n = 38) (M), N = 104

8 weeks

Participants lived in the same environment for 8 weeks, ate the same food at regular intervals, and participated in similar training and sleep regimens

sequencing analysis 16S rRNA (V4, V5 regions)

 → Alpha diversity (Shannon, OTU)

 ≠ Beta diversity (PCoA)

*

*

*

↑Bifidobacterium

↑Murdochiella

↓Holdemanella

↓Ruminococcus_2

↓Streptococcus

↓Turicibacter

[57]

Level 2/ Cross—sectional

Endurance group 31.4 ± 8.3

strength group 29.9 ± 7.9

control group 33.4 ± 7.9

Endurance group (n = 13), strength group (n = 12), control group (n = 11), N = 36, (F, M)

6 weeks

Two groups:

endurance or strength exercise, 3 times a week

sequencing analysis 16S rRNA (V1, V2 regions)

 → Alpha diversity (Chao1)

 ≠ Beta diversity (Bray–Curtis)

*

↑Ruminococcaceae

↑Coprococcus

↑Parasaturella

*

[41]

Level 1/Randomized trial

49 ± 4

Insulin resistance (F, M), (n = 26), N = 54

2 weeks

Two groups:

First: 30-s exercise bouts of all cycling efforts,

Second: 40–60 min of moderate intensity (60% of VO_{2 peak})

All sessions were performed under supervision, 3 times a week

sequencing analysis 16S rRNA (V3-V4 region)

Both groups:

 → Alpha diversity (Shannon, Chao1, OTU), ↓

F/B

↑Bacteroidetes

*

↓Blautia spp.

↓Clostridium spp

First group:

↑Lachnospira

Second group:

Genus:

↑Faecalibacterium

↑Veillonella

Species:

↑Veillonella dispar

*

[58]

Level 2/ Nonrandomized clinical trial

 > 65

Sedentary healthy older adults (F, M), Aerobic exercise n = 18, trunk muscle training n = 14, N = 32

12 weeks

Aerobic exercise training, brisk walking, at an intensity ≥ three metabolic equivalents

Trunk muscle training 1 h weekly

sequencing analysis 16 s rRNA

*

*

*

Aerobic exercise:

Genus:

↑Bacteroides

↓Clostridium XIVa

*

[59]

Level 2/ Cross—sectional

36.8 ± 3.9

Women with sedentary lifestyle, BMI > 27.5 kg/m², N = 19

6 weeks

Training 3 times a week with supervision

Endurance exercise:

weeks 1 and 2: 40 min,

weeks 3 and 4:50 min,

weeks 5 and 6:60 min

sequencing analysis 16S rRNA (V4 region)

 → Alpha diversity

»Beta diversity (Jaccard)

 → F/B

↑Verrucomibrobia

↑Verrucomicrobiaceae,

↑Akkermansia

↓Proteobacteria

,

*

[60]

Level 2/ Cross—sectional

Lean 29 ± 2

Overweight 31 ± 2

Lean: fat mass 21 ± 2% (n = 14), Overweight: fat mass 33 ± 2% (n = 15), N = 29 (M)

3 weeks

3 weeks of high intensity interval training

sequencing analysis 16S rRNA (V3, V4 region)

 → Alpha diversity (Shannon)

 ≠ Beta diversity (Bray–Curtis)

*

*

*

*

[61]

Level 1/ Randomized crossover trial

62–76

Older adults (M), n = 16, n = 17, N = 33

5 weeks

Endurance exercise:

week 1: 60% VO_2peak, weeks 2 and 3: 70% VO_2peak, weeks 4 and 5: 75% VO_2peak

sequencing analysis 16S rRNA (V3, V4 region)

 → Alpha diversity (Shannon, OTU)

 ≠ Beta diversity (Bray–Curtis, PCoA)

*

*

↑Oscillospira

↓Clostridium difficile

[62]

Level 1/ Randomized crossover trial

60–75

Inactive older adults (F) n = 7, N = 14

8 weeks

Aerobic and resistance exercise, sessions of approximately 60 min each

sequencing analysis 16S rRNA (V4 region)

 → Alpha diversity (Shannon, Simpson, Chao1)

»Beta diversity (PCoA)

↓Firmicutes

↑Bacteroidetes

↓Clostridia

↑Betaproteobacteria

↑Burkholderiales

↑Acidaminococcaceae

↑Mitsuokella

↑Phascolarctobacterium

*

[63]