Table 2 Overall study characteristics, level of evidence [44], and modified Downs and Black [19] checklist (maximum score 22)
Author (year) | Study type | Level of evidence | Assessment | Sample size (concussed/control) | Sex M/F | Mean age (range) years | Sport | Test post-concussion | Score (max 22) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Broglio et al. [25] | PCS | III-2 | BESS, SAC, SCAT5, ImPACT, VOMS, BSI-18 | N = 1458 | 919/539 | 19.0 (N/A) | NCAA (sport unspecified) | 3 times in 72 h (h): 0–1.25 h (side-line),1.25–24 h (post-event), 24–72 h (clinic) | 17 |
Buckley et al. [45] | Cohort | III-2 | GI | N = 84 (42/42) | 40/44 | 19.2 (N/A) | NCAA (sport unspecified) | 24 h | 16 |
Downey et al. [21] | PCS | III-2 | SCAT3 | N = 45 (23/22) | 19/26 | 20.0 (N/A) | Football, rugby, ice hockey, soccer, lacrosse, basketball, volleyball, field hockey, baseball, wrestling | 3 to 5 days (acute), 3 weeks (post-acute) | 14 |
Fallon et al. [30] | PCS | III-2 | MULES, SCAT3 | N = 681 (17) | 422/259 | 17 (6–37) | Ice hockey, soccer, football | Side-line | 13 |
Fuller et al. [31] | Cross Sectional | III-2 | SCAT3 | N = 639 (24) | All male | 27.4 (N/A) | Rugby | After game of injury | 14 |
Fuller et al. [46] | Pilot | III-3 | PSCA1 | N = 165 | All male | N/A | Rugby | Side-line (Time frame not stated) | 17 |
Fuller et al. [37] | PCS | III-3 | KD | N = 261 | All male | 27.6 (N/A) | Rugby | 48 h | 18 |
Fuller et al. [38] | RCS | III-2 | HIA01/ SCAT3 | N = 1265 | N/A | N/A | Rugby | Side-line | 16 |
Galetta et al. [26] | PCS | III-2 | KD, SAC, TG | N = 332 | 192/140 | 11.0 (5–23) | Ice hockey, lacrosse | Side-line /rink-side. (Time frame not stated) | 15 |
Gardner et al. [39] | Observational | IV | VA | N = 400 | All male | N/A | Rugby league | N/A | |
Goble et al. [47] | Cross-Sectional | III-2 | BBT | N = 25 | 11/14 | 20.7 (N/A) | College athletes- (unspecified) | 48 h | 9 |
Graves [28] | PCS | III-2 | SOT, BESS | N = 15 (15) | All male | 18.9 (N/A) | Football | 1–14 days | 15 |
Hänninen et al. [32] | PCS | III-3 | SCAT3 | N = 283 (27) | All male | 27.0 (N/A) | Ice hockey | 24 h | 15 |
Harrold et al. [33] | PCS | III-3 | KD, SCAT3 | N = 426 | 177/249 | 35.0 (N/A) | Sport, other | N/A | 16 |
Hecimovich et al. [36] | PCS | III-2 | KD | N = 22 (7/15) | All male | 19.6 (N/A) | Australian football | 10–20 min post-game | 14 |
King et al. [34] | PCS Observational | III-2 | KD, SCAT3 | N = 104 (52/52) | All male | 23.7 (N/A) | Rugby | Days 3, 7, 14, and 21 | 15 |
Leong et al. [48] | PCS | III-3 | KD, SCAT2 | N = 127 (11) | 119/8 | 19.5 (N/A) | Football, basketball | N/A | 17 |
Marinides et al. [27] | RCS | III-3 | KD, PCS, SAC, BESS, ImPACT | N = 221 (30) | 150/71 | N/A | Football, lacrosse, soccer | 87 min | 14 |
Merritt et al. [49] | PCS | III-2 | PCSS, ImPACT | N = 846 (86) | 637/209 | 19.9 (N/A) | Football, basketball, ice hockey, soccer, lacrosse, wrestling, other | 2, 7, and 14 days post-injury | 18 |
Molloy et al. [50] | Descriptive cohort | III-2 | KD, PSCA2, CogSport | N = 176 (19/33) | All male | 23.8 (N/A) | Rugby | 48 h | 18 |
Oldham et al. [22] | Prospective, longitudinal | III-1 | TG, BESS, mBESS | N = 76 (38/38) | All male | N/A | NCAA student-athletes | < 48 h | 16 |
Putukian et al. [51] | Prospective cross-sectional | III-1 | SCAT2 | N = 263 (85/178) | 184/79 | 20.3 (N/A) | Football, rugby, volleyball, football, crew | 0.52 ± 1.18 days | 13 |
Russell-Giller et al. [29] | Pilot | IV | KD, VOMS | N = 71 | N/A | 14.0 (N/A) | Sports (unspecified), other | 1–5 days | 17 |
Seidman et al. [35] | PCS | III-3 | KD, SCAT3 | N = 337 (9/328) | All male | 15.0 (N/A) | American Football | 72 h | 12 |
Sufrinko et al. [23] | Case–control | III-2 | ImPACT, SAC, BESS | N = 125 (125) | 85/40 | 16.8 (N/A) | Football, soccer, volleyball, basketball, wrestling, ice hockey, softball, | SAC, BESS: 24 to 48 h, ImPACT: 5 to 7 and 10 to 14 | 13 |
Vartiainen et al. [24] | PCS | III-2 | SCAT3, MotCoTe | N = 16 (9/7) | All male | 23.4 (N/A) | Ice hockey | 36 h | 15 |