Table 2 Physiological and performance changes in exercise performance following a passive heating intervention
Study | Participants | Conditions | Intervention | Phys. changes (°C) | Performance task | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature (°C) | Humidity (%) | Passive heating method | Duration (min) | Baseline—post rec | Post WU—post rec | Exercise protocol | Performance changes | ||
Cook et al. [10] | 3 Males 3 Females | 20 | 70–75 | Tracksuit Top (CON) | 15 | TTymp = ↓ 1.0 |  | 3 × 20 m Sledpull sprint (3 min recovery) | TTC ↓ 3.53% ± 0.61% for HEAT versus CON (P < 0.05) |
|  |  | Blizzard Survival Garment (HEAT) |  | TTymp = ↓ 0.1 | |||||
Cowper et al. [14] | 10 Males | 8 | 50 | Tracksuit Top (CON) | 25 |  | TTymp = ↓ 0.93 | 2000 M Rowing TT | TTC ↓ 1.1% for HEAT versus CON (P < 0.01) |
|  |  | Tracksuit Top with integrated electric heating elements (HEAT) |  | TTymp = ↑ 0.54 | |||||
Falkner et al. [9] | 11 Males | 15.9 ± 0.3 | 54.0 ± 4.0 | Tracksuit (CON) | 30 |  | TRec = ↓ 0.2 | 30 s maximal sprint cycle | PPO ↑ 9.1% HEAT versus CON (P < 0.05) PPO ↑ 4.1% HEAT versus INS Mean PO ↑ 7.8% HEAT versus CON Mean PO ↑ 8.4% HEAT versus INS |
|  |  |  | External heated pants (HEAT) |  | TRec = ↓ 0.3 |  | |||
|  |  |  | Insulated tracksuit pants (INS) |  | TRec = ↓ 0.1 |  | |||
Falkner et al. [20] | 10 Males | 16.1 ± 0.2 | 53 ± 2.0 | Tracksuit (CON) | 30 |  | TRec = ↓ 0.1 TMusc = ↓ 1.5 | 30 s maximal sprint cycle | PPO ↑ 11.1% HEAT versus CON (P < 0.005) PPO ↑ 1.2% HEAT versus HEATHEAT Mean PO ↑ 4.3% HEAT versus CON (P < 0.005) Mean PO ↑ 0.7% HEAT versus HEATHEAT |
TRec = ↓ 0.3 TMusc = ↓ 1.3 |  | ||||||||
External heated pants during REC (HEAT) | TRec = ↓ 0.1 TMusc = ↓ 1.2 |  | |||||||
| Â | Â | Â | External heated pants during WU and REC (HEATHEAT) | Â | |||||
Killduff et al. [21] | 20 Males | 19.5 ± 0.3 | 63.0 ± 3.0 | Tracksuit (CON) | 15 |  | TPill = ↓ 0.56 | CMJ and 6 × 40 m (20 + 20 m) shuttle sprints separated by 20 s of passive recovery (RST) | CMJ PPO ↑ 3.5% HEAT versus CON (P < 0.001) RST Mean ↓ 0.7% HEAT versus CON (P < 0.05) |
|  |  |  | Blizzard survival garment (HEAT) |  | TPill = ↓ 0.19 | ||||
West et al. [5] | 16 Males | 21.4 ± 0.4 | 61.0 ± 2.0 | Tracksuit (CON) | 20 |  | TPill = ↓ 0.64 | CMJ and 6 × 40 m (20 + 20 m) shuttle sprints separated by 20 s of passive recovery (RST) | CMJ PPO ↑ 3.2% HEAT versus CON (P < 0.05) RST Mean ↓ 4% HEAT versus CON (P < 0.05) |
|  |  |  | Blizzard survival garment (HEAT) |  | TPill = ↓ 0.2 | ||||
Wilkins and Havenith [13] | 8 Males | 23.4 ± 0.1 | 55.8 ± 1.4% | Tracksuit (CON) | 30 | TTymp = ↓ 0.8 |  | Max plyometric press-ups (PPU) and 50 m freestyle swimming time trial | PPU Peak Force ↑ 10.1% HEAT versus CON (P < 0.05) TTC ↓ 0.83% for HEAT versus CON (P = 0.06) |
4 Females |  |  | External heated jacket (HEAT) |  | TTymp = ↓ 0.8 | ||||