Fig. 3From: Hamstrings force-length relationships and their implications for angle-specific joint torques: a narrative reviewSchematic of a muscle-driven model. The model is used to predict the movement of a musculoskeletal system using data sets of experimentally measured muscle architecture and joint geometry as well as mathematical equations that define muscle-tendon (force-length, force–velocity, tendon properties) and skeletal movements [48, 50]. Muscle morphology data used in the models are mostly obtained from cadaveric data sets [43,44,45, 49, 55, 56], while in some cases they are combined with in vivo measurements (MRI) [51, 52, 57]. Subsequently, the model parameters are matched to experimental kinematic data which are collected during a particular movement (walking, for example) and are therefore adjusted so that they correspond to experimentally obtained ground reaction forces and moments [48]. Finally, algorithms are used to generate a set of muscle excitations that produce a coordinated muscle-driven simulation of the person’s movement [48]Back to article page