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Fig. 4 | BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation

Fig. 4

From: Hamstrings force-length relationships and their implications for angle-specific joint torques: a narrative review

Fig. 4

Mean (SD) active knee flexion (upper graph) and hip extension (lower graph) forces of biceps femoris long head (BFlh), semitendinosus (ST) and semimembranosus (SM) at 15 different hip (H) and knee (K) flexion angles as predicted using forward simulation modeling. Individual muscle forces and mean fiber lengths are also presented. Joint positions are arranged from left to right, from shorter to longer muscle lengths. Values were obtained from the Lower limb model 2010 [50], the full-body running model [53], the refined musculoskeletal model [51], the Gait2354_simbody model [49, 54] and the full body model [52] using OpenSim version 4.2 software [58]. Using each model, the hamstrings muscles were fixed at five hip flexion angles (0° = neutral, −20°, 45°, 90° and 120°) and both active and passive forces and joint torques were computed at each 10° of knee joint motion from 0° (full extension) to 100° of flexion. Error bars indicate standard deviation

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