Table 1 Moment arm (MA) values (mm) of the hamstrings and angular position at which the moment arm was measured as they appear in the literature. Values in parentheses indicate the joint flexion angle (hip neutral position = 0°, knee. full extension = 0°)

Arnold et al. [113]

3

-

MRI Cadavers

Hip

66.7

30

55.5

30

62.2

30

Thelen et al. [109]

14 (9F, 5 M)

18.2–19.6

65.7–84.7, 176.4–182.2

Cadavers

Hip

65*

40–50

50*

30

58*

30–40

Dostal et al. [114]

1

Cadavers

Hip

57

0#

46

0#

58

0#

Duda et al. [115]

6 (4F, 2 M)

67–79

Cadavers

Hip

44

0#

38

0#

43

0#

Visser et al. [116]

6 (5F, 1 M)

Cadavers

Hip

80*

80

Schache et al. [117]

4 M

26.3 ± 7.5

62.8 ± 8.7, 173 ± 4.2

MRI model

Hip

65–68

45–50

Trinler et al. [110]

10 (5F, 5 M)

28 ± 5

69 ± 12, 172 ± 0.8

Model (OpenSim)

Hip

75

30–40

60

30–40

70

30–40

Nemeth and Olsen [118]

10 (5F, 5 M)

20 (10F, 10 M)

78–82

63–70

160–176

589–736 N, 166–176

CT, Cadavers

Hip, all muscles

80

40

Kellis et al. [104]

10 (5F, 5 M)

42.20 ± 7.63

77.81 ± 8.89, 73.6 ± 0.68

MRI

Knee

39.2

30#

33.4

30#

30.9

30#

Wretenberg et al. [119]

20 (9F, 10MF)

27 ± 5

71 ± 12.0, 175.0 ± 0.09

MRI

Knee

38.8

60#

30.4

60#

24.4

60#

Herzog and Read [112]

5 (3F, 2 M)

79.2

Cadavers

Knee

65 *

130

25 *

30

27 *

80

Spoor and Van Leuven [120]

1Μ

89

156

MRI-tendon travel

Knee

52

65

40

10

22

60

Arnold et al. [113]

3

MRI

Knee

52

65

40

10

22

60

Arnold et al. [113]

3

Cadavers

Knee

55.3

60

46.4

50

37.2

50

Arnold et al. [50]

21 (12F, 9 M)

83 ± 9

82.7 ± 15.3, 168.4 ± 9.3

Model (data from [43])

Knee

48 *

50

35 *

40

Buford et al. [111]

15

Tendon excursion

Knee

55.4

57

46.3

53

30

55

Thelen et al. [109]

14 (9F, 5 M)

Model ^

Knee

50

80

38

20

30

50

Navacchia et al. [121]

7

63 ± 8,

72 ± 9, 170 ± 9

Stereo-radiography

Knee

45*

50

55*

55

30*

35

Visser et al. [116]

6 (5F, 1 M)

Cadavers

Knee

10

Nemeth and Olsen [118]

10 (5F, 5 M)

20 (10F, 10 M)

78- 82

63–70

160–176

589-736 N, 166–176

CT-Cadavers

Knee

10

Duda et al. [115]

6 (4F, 2 M)

67–79

Cadavers

Knee

18

0#

22

0#

40

0#

Trinler et al. [110]

10

28 ± 5

69 ± 12, 172 ± 0.8

Model (OpenSim)

Knee

45

50

35

50

40

30

Schache et al. [117]

4

26.3 ± 7.5

62.8 ± 8.7, 173.0 ± 4.2

MRI-model

Knee

56–65

30–35

Snoeck et al. [122]

7 (4 M, 3 F)

70 ± 10

Cadavers

Knee

44

60–70

Kellis and Baltzopoulos [123]

10 M

23 ± 1.5

74 ± 3.8, 174 ± 4

Fluoroscopy

Knee, All muscles

23.9

35

Smidt [124]

26 M

28

82, 176

X-Ray

Knee, all muscles

41

45

Herzog and Read [112]

5 (3F, 2 M)

79.2

Cadavers

Knee, all muscles

35

95