Characterising lower-body musculoskeletal morphology and whole-body composition of elite female and male Australian Football players

McCaskie, Callum J.; Sim, Marc; Newton, Robert U.; Heasman, Jarryd; Rogalski, Brent; Hart, Nicolas H.

doi:10.1186/s13102-022-00561-8

BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation

Table 1 Kinanthropometric characteristics between kicking and support leg in AFL and AFLW players and the differences between AFL and AFLW

From: Characterising lower-body musculoskeletal morphology and whole-body composition of elite female and male Australian Football players

	AFL				AFLW				AFL v AFLW
	Kicking	Support			Kicking	Support			Kicking	Support
	mean ± SD	mean ± SD	p	ES	mean ± SD	mean ± SD	p	ES	p	ES	p	ES
DXA
Total Leg FM (kg)	2.12 ± 0.43	2.15 ± 0.40	0.326	0.07	3.22 (0.96)	3.14 (1.14)	0.958	0.04	< 0.001*	1.46^d	< 0.001*	1.52^d
Total Leg LSTM (kg)	12.12 (1.84)	11.96 (1.53)	0.695	0.12	8.78 ± 0.92	8.68 ± 0.99	0.153	0.10	< 0.001*	3.08^e	< 0.001*	3.19^e
Total Leg FM%	13.8 ± 2.31	14.1 ± 2.09	0.102	0.14	25.1 ± 4.99	25.2 ± 4.69	0.707	0.02	< 0.001*	2.91^e	< 0.001*	3.06^e
Thigh FM (kg)	1.52 ± 0.31	1.50 ± 0.36	0.681	0.06	2.34 (0.62)	2.29 (0.69)	0.985	0.02	< 0.001*	1.58^d	< 0.001*	1.62^d
Thigh LSTM (kg)	8.64 (1.20)	8.84 (1.20)	0.686	0.12	6.10 (1.14)	6.04 (1.07)	0.651	0.13	< 0.001*	3.07^e	< 0.001*	3.16^e
Thigh FM%	14.0 ± 2.40	14.4 ± 2.15	0.033*	0.18^a	26.1 ± 4.80	26.3 ± 4.65	0.366	0.04	< 0.001*	3.18^e	< 0.001*	3.30^e
Shank FM (kg)	0.48 ± 0.17	0.54 ± 0.26	0.215	0.26	0.73 ± 0.28	0.70 ± 0.24	0.127	0.09	< 0.001*	1.08^c	< 0.001*	1.05^c
Shank LSTM (kg)	2.91 ± 0.41	2.93 ± 0.41	0.387	0.05	2.03 (0.40)	2.06 (0.37)	0.919	0.03	< 0.001*	2.31^e	< 0.001*	2.31^e
Shank FM%	12.9 ± 3.26	13.2 ± 2.62	0.399	0.10	23.8 ± 7.08	23.3 ± 6.19	0.195	0.08	< 0.001*	1.98^d	< 0.001*	2.12^e
pQCT
4% Bone Mass (g)	5.33 ± 0.67	5.38 ± 0.65	0.439	0.08	3.83 ± 0.46	3.90 ± 0.47	0.228	0.14	< 0.001*	2.60^e	< 0.001*	2.60^e
14% Bone Mass (g)	3.59 ± 0.39	3.68 ± 0.38	0.017*	0.21^b	2.77 (0.56)	2.82 (0.53)	0.794	0.07	< 0.001*	1.92^d	< 0.001*	2.14^e
38% Bone Mass (g)	5.16 ± 0.54	5.31 ± 0.52	0.010*	0.28^b	3.95 (0.48)	3.91 (0.57)	0.995	0.01	< 0.001*	2.10^e	< 0.001*	2.38^e
Total Tibial Mass (g)	4.69 ± 0.49	4.79 ± 0.49	0.044*	0.19^a	3.50 (0.57)	3.55 (0.60)	0.794	0.07	< 0.001*	2.45^e	< 0.001*	2.59^e
4% Bone Area (mm²)	1363 (197)	1400 (208)	0.552	0.18	1108 ± 112	1109 ± 117	0.922	0.01	< 0.001*	1.68^d	< 0.001*	1.79^d
14% Bone Area (mm²)	596.3 ± 83.9	620.3 ± 84.2	0.001*	0.29^b	492.3 ± 55.7	494.2 ± 48.3	0.759	0.04	< 0.001*	1.46^d	< 0.001*	1.84^d
38% Bone Area (mm²)	567.8 ± 63.9	581.2 ± 63.7	0.023*	0.21^b	430.3 (36.8)	421.3 (68.8)	0.951	0.02	< 0.001*	2.15^e	< 0.001*	2.28^e
66% Bone Area (mm²)	953 (151)	971 (126)	0.838	0.09	747.5 ± 93.0	754.0 ± 96.6	0.327	0.07	< 0.001*	1.88^d	< 0.001*	2.11^e
4% vBMD (mg/cm³)	388.8 ± 47.1	382.7 ± 47.3	0.177	0.13	346.7 ± 31.9	352.7 ± 34.3	0.116	0.18	0.001*	1.05^c	0.018*	0.73^c
14% vBMD (mg/cm³)	608.5 ± 61.2	597.3 ± 54.3	0.016*	0.19^a	587.0 ± 49.6	589.0 ± 50.8	0.690	0.04	0.198	0.39	0.595	0.16
38% vBMD (mg/cm³)	910.8 ± 35.8	915.1 ± 36.4	0.142	0.12	918.9 ± 30.5	917.1 ± 30.7	0.658	0.06	0.415	0.24	0.844	0.06
Total vBMD (mg/cm³)	636.0 ± 38.1	631.7 ± 37.9	0.122	0.11	617.5 ± 29.9	619.6 ± 29.2	0.490	0.07	0.074	0.54	0.231	0.36
Total CortD (mg/cm³)	1118 (29.4)	1116 (33.3)	0.841	0.06	1141 ± 16.3	1140 ± 16.2	0.946	0.01	< 0.001*	1.62^d	< 0.001*	1.62^d
Total CortTh (mm)	4.96 ± 0.39	5.01 ± 0.37	0.249	0.12	4.20 (0.62)	4.21 (0.57)	0.960	0.02	< 0.001*	1.99^d	< 0.001*	2.24^e
Total PeriC (mm)	84.4 (4.1)	86.2 (4.2)	0.338	0.29	75.7 (5.06)	75.7 (4.0)	0.902	0.03	< 0.001*	1.98^d	< 0.001*	2.29^e
Total EndoC (mm)	54.15 ± 5.02	55.2 ± 4.81	0.008*	0.22^b	50.0 ± 3.37	50.18 ± 3.14	0.602	0.05	< 0.001*	0.97^c	< 0.001*	1.25^d
SSIPOL (mm³)	2461 (334)	2660 (312)	0.166	0.42	1737 (337)	1757 (334)	0.862	0.04	< 0.001*	1.97^d	< 0.001*	2.30^e
FL.Rel (N/kg)	68.7 (7.0)	70.0 (8.6)	0.392	0.25	60.2 (12.4)	57.3 (6.1)	0.545	0.16	0.007*	0.84^c	< 0.001*	1.19^c
Tibial robustness	2.02 (0.28)	2.07 (0.31)	0.496	0.18	1.87 ± 0.13	1.88 ± 0.13	0.586	0.08	< 0.001*	1.18^c	< 0.001*	1.38^d
66% Muscle Area (mm²)	8444 ± 1212	8403 ± 1219	0.475	0.03	6893 ± 799	6872 ± 919	0.773	0.03	< 0.001*	1.51^d	< 0.001*	1.42^d
66% MuscleD (mg/cm³)	79.7 (2.0)	79.8 (1.6)	0.600	0.20	79.4 ± 1.3	79.2 ± 1.6	0.685	0.14	0.770	0.13	0.532	0.21
66% Fat Area (mm²)	1282 ± 355	1264 ± 390	0.527	0.05	2203 ± 650	2251 ± 664	0.133	0.07	< 0.001*	1.76^d	< 0.001*	1.81^d

Data is presented as mean ± SD or Median (IQR) for non-normally distributed variables
CortD cortical density; CortTh cortical thickness; DXA dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; EndoC endosteal circumference; FL.Rel relative fracture load; FM fat mass; LSTM lean soft-tissue mass; MuscleD muscle density; PeriC periosteal circumference; pQCT peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography; SSIPOL polar stress–strain index; vBMD volumetric bone mineral density
^*denotes significance (p < 0.05)
^aTrivial effect size (< 0.2)
^bSmall effect size (0.2–0.59)
^cModerate effect size (0.6–1.19)
^dLarge effect size (1.2–1.99)
^eVery large effect size (≥ 2.00)

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