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Table 2 Examining intervention effects with corresponding t-tests

From: Effects of a 9-weeks arch support intervention on foot morphology in young soccer players: a crossover study

 

Observation period (n = 28)

Intervention period (n = 28)

Mean difference (95%CI)

p Value

Effect size (d)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Basic properties

Height (cm)

0.013 (0.004)

0.011 (0.07)

0.002 (− 0.001, 0.006)

0.15

0.38

Body weight (kg)

1.36 (1.3)

1.45 (1.1)

− 0.09 (− 0.74, 0.56)

0.79

0.07

Body mass index (kg/m2)

0.26 (0.50)

0.36 (0.49)

− 0.11 (− 0.37, 0.16)

0.41

0.22

Foot morphology

Foot length (mm)

− 0.42 (7.4)

2.55 (2.8)

− 2.96 (− 5.99, 0.05)

0.054

0.53

Foot width (mm)

0.07 (1.7)

0.23 (1.7)

− 0.16 (− 1.10, 0.766)

0.73

0.10

Foot circumference (mm)

− 0.15 (4.5)

ï½°0.63 (4.0)

0.47 (− 1.80, 2.75)

0.68

0.11

Standing navicular bone height (mm)

− 0.13 (5.5)

− 0.26 (5.1)

0.14 (− 2.72, 2.99)

0.92

0.03

Arch height rate (%)

− 0.47 (2.8)

0.14 (2.4)

1.63 (− 0.62, 3.87)

0.38

0.24

Navicular drop (mm)

− 0.14 (3.4)

− 1.77 (4.9)

− 0.61 (− 1.99, 0.77)

0.15

0.39

Foot muscle cross-sectional area

Flexor hallucis brevis CSA (cm2)

0.04 (0.05)

0.05 (0.06)

− 0.01 (− 0.04, 0.01)

0.42

0.21

Abductor hallucis CSA (cm2)

0.056 (0.06)

0.166 (0.12)

− 0.11 (− 0.16, − 0.06)

0.01*

1.12

Flexor digitorum brevis CSA (cm2)

0.04 (0.07)

0.06 (0.09)

− 0.02 (− 0.07, 0.02)

0.26

0.31

Flexor digitorum longus CSA (cm2)

0.09 (0.08)

0.14 (0.08)

− 0.05 (− 0.09, − 0.01)

0.02*

0.61

Flexor hallucis longus CSA (cm2)

0.06 (0.06)

0.09 (0.11)

− 0.03 (− 0.08, 0.01)

0.15

0.40

Peroneus muscles CSA (cm2)

0.12 (0.11)

0.11 (0.11)

0.01 (− 0.04, − 0.07)

0.61

0.14

Tibialis posterior muscle CSA (cm2)

0.14 (0.11)

0.12 (0.10)

0.01 (− 0.05, 0.07)

0.75

0.09

  1. SD Standard deviation, 95%CI 95% confidence interval, CSA Cross sectional area
  2. *Indicates statistical significance at p < 0.05
  3. *Effect size: Cohen's d (small: 0.20 medium: 0.50 large: 0.80)