| Observation period (n = 28) | Intervention period (n = 28) | Mean difference (95%CI) | p Value | Effect size (d) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||||
Basic properties | |||||
Height (cm) | 0.013 (0.004) | 0.011 (0.07) | 0.002 (− 0.001, 0.006) | 0.15 | 0.38 |
Body weight (kg) | 1.36 (1.3) | 1.45 (1.1) | − 0.09 (− 0.74, 0.56) | 0.79 | 0.07 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.26 (0.50) | 0.36 (0.49) | − 0.11 (− 0.37, 0.16) | 0.41 | 0.22 |
Foot morphology | |||||
Foot length (mm) | − 0.42 (7.4) | 2.55 (2.8) | − 2.96 (− 5.99, 0.05) | 0.054 | 0.53 |
Foot width (mm) | 0.07 (1.7) | 0.23 (1.7) | − 0.16 (− 1.10, 0.766) | 0.73 | 0.10 |
Foot circumference (mm) | − 0.15 (4.5) | ー0.63 (4.0) | 0.47 (− 1.80, 2.75) | 0.68 | 0.11 |
Standing navicular bone height (mm) | − 0.13 (5.5) | − 0.26 (5.1) | 0.14 (− 2.72, 2.99) | 0.92 | 0.03 |
Arch height rate (%) | − 0.47 (2.8) | 0.14 (2.4) | 1.63 (− 0.62, 3.87) | 0.38 | 0.24 |
Navicular drop (mm) | − 0.14 (3.4) | − 1.77 (4.9) | − 0.61 (− 1.99, 0.77) | 0.15 | 0.39 |
Foot muscle cross-sectional area | |||||
Flexor hallucis brevis CSA (cm2) | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.05 (0.06) | − 0.01 (− 0.04, 0.01) | 0.42 | 0.21 |
Abductor hallucis CSA (cm2) | 0.056 (0.06) | 0.166 (0.12) | − 0.11 (− 0.16, − 0.06) | 0.01* | 1.12 |
Flexor digitorum brevis CSA (cm2) | 0.04 (0.07) | 0.06 (0.09) | − 0.02 (− 0.07, 0.02) | 0.26 | 0.31 |
Flexor digitorum longus CSA (cm2) | 0.09 (0.08) | 0.14 (0.08) | − 0.05 (− 0.09, − 0.01) | 0.02* | 0.61 |
Flexor hallucis longus CSA (cm2) | 0.06 (0.06) | 0.09 (0.11) | − 0.03 (− 0.08, 0.01) | 0.15 | 0.40 |
Peroneus muscles CSA (cm2) | 0.12 (0.11) | 0.11 (0.11) | 0.01 (− 0.04, − 0.07) | 0.61 | 0.14 |
Tibialis posterior muscle CSA (cm2) | 0.14 (0.11) | 0.12 (0.10) | 0.01 (− 0.05, 0.07) | 0.75 | 0.09 |