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Table 4 Well-being and passion among adolescent female football players at baseline and at the 1-year follow-up

From: Lifestyle characteristics in adolescent female football players: data from the Karolinska football Injury Cohort

 

Total cohort

(12–17 years)

Total cohort divided into age groups

Sub-cohort (12–17 years)a

Baseline versus Follow-Up

Effect Size

n

n = 419

12 years (n = 97)

13 years

(n = 157)

14 years

(n = 91)

15–17 years

(n = 73)

Baseline

(n = 286)

Follow-Up

(n = 286)

P Value

Cohen’s d

General Health Questionnaire-12

0–36

398

10.9 ± 4.0

9.9 ± 3.6

10.9 ± 3.9

10.9 ± 4.4

12.4 ± 3.6

10.8 ± 4.1

12.1 ± 4.2

< 0.001

0.30

0–2 (no psychological distress)

401

303 (76)

78 (84)

117 (79)

68 (76)

40 (58)

201 (73)

172 (63)

0.006

 

3–12 (psychological distress)

 

98 (24)

15 (16)

32 (21)

22 (24)

29 (42)

73 (27)

99 (37)

  

How often are you stressed?

419

       

< 0.001

 

 Never

 

14 (3)

6 (6)

4 (3)

3 (3)

1 (1)

9 (3)

5 (2)

  

 Sometime/month

 

156 (37)

49 (51)

53 (34)

35 (38)

19 (26)

122 (43)

56 (20)

  

 Some days/week

 

113 (27)

15 (15)

51 (32)

25 (27)

22 (30)

80 (28)

108 (38)

  

 Some days/week

 

89 (21)

18 (19)

32 (20)

18 (20)

21 (29)

47 (16)

69 (24)

  

 Most of the days/week

 

47 (11)

9 (9)

18 (11)

10 (11)

10 (14)

28 (10)

47 (16)

  

Education in sport psychology, yes

418

180 (43)

29 (30)

67 (42)

44 (48)

40 (55)

145 (44)

133 (47)

0.827

 

 Yes, in school

 

46 (11)

8 (8)

19 (12)

14 (15)

5 (7)

31 (11)

26 (9)

  

 Yes, with the team

 

85 (20)

13 (13)

29 (18)

20 (22)

23 (32)

60 (21)

72 (25)

  

 Yes, private

 

18 (4)

5 (5)

9 (6)

3 (3)

1 (1)

9 (3)

8 (3)

  

 Yes, other

 

9 (2)

1 (1)

3 (2)

3 (3)

2 (3)

8 (3)

9 (3)

  

 Several options

 

22 (5)

2 (2)

7 (4)

4 (4)

9 (12)

18 (6)

18 (6)

  

Regular contact with sport psychology consultant, yes

415

30 (7)

7 (7)

17 (11)

3 (3)

3 (4)

19 (7)

16 (6)

0.711

 

 Yes, in school

 

6 (1)

1 (1)

5 (3)

0 (0)

0 (0)

6 (2)

2 (1)

  

 Yes, with the team

 

9 (2)

1 (1)

6 (4)

1 (1)

1 (1)

5 (2)

5 (2)

  

 Yes, private

 

10 (2)

3 (3)

6 (4)

1 (1)

0 (0)

5 (2)

6 (2)

  

 Yes, other

 

2 (1)

2 (2)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (0)

0 (0)

  

 Several options

 

3 (1)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (1)

2 (3)

2 (1)

3 (1)

  

Brief COPE: adaptive behaviours (0–3)

Active coping

419

3.0 ± 0.7

2.9 ± 0.8

2.9 ± 0.7

3.1 ± 0.7

3.0 ± 0.7

3.0 ± 0.7

3.0 ± 0.8

0.463

−0.04

Emotional support

419

2.9 ± 0.9

3.0 ± 0.9

2.8 ± 0.9

3.0 ± 0.8

2.9 ± 0.8

2.9 ± 0.9

2.9 ± 0.8

0.223

−0.07

Instrumental support

419

2.8 ± 0.9

2.7 ± 0.9

2.7 ± 0.9

2.9 ± 0.8

2.8 ± 0.8

2.8 ± 0.8

2.8 ± 0.8

0.295

−0.06

Positive reframing

419

2.4 ± 0.8

2.4 ± 0.8

2.3 ± 0.8

2.5 ± 0.9

2.3 ± 0.8

2.4 ± 0.8

2.4 ± 0.8

0.801

−0.02

Planning

414

2.6 ± 0.8

2.6 ± 0.8

2.5 ± 0.8

2.8 ± 0.7

2.7 ± 0.7

2.7 ± 0.8

2.7 ± 0.7

0.361

−0.06

Humour

389

1.9 ± 0.9

1.7 ± 0.8

1.8 ± 0.9

2.0 ± 0.9

2.3 ± 1.0

1.9 ± 0.9

2.2 ± 1.0

< 0.001

0.38

Acceptance

417

2.7 ± 0.7

2.6 ± 0.8

2.7 ± 0.8

2.7 ± 0.7

2.7 ± 0.6

2.7 ± 0.8

2.6 ± 0.7

0.063

−0.11

Religion

389

1.1 ± 0.4

1.2 ± 0.5

1.2 ± 0.5

1.1 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.4

1.2 ± 0.5

0.464

0.05

Brief COPE: maladaptive behaviours (0–3)

Self- distraction

418

2.5 ± 0.6

2.4 ± 0.7

2.5 ± 0.6

2.6 ± 0.6

2.7 ± 0.5

2.5 ± 0.6

2.6 ± 0.7

0.101

0.10

Denial

418

1.4 ± 0.6

1.4 ± 0.5

1.5 ± 0.7

1.5 ± 0.7

1.4 ± 0.6

1.5 ± 0.7

1.5 ± 0.6

1.000

0.00

Substance

417

1.1 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.3

1.0 ± 0.0

1.0 ± 0.2

1.0 ± 0.2

0.549

–0.04

Behavioural disengagement

418

1.5 ± 0.7

1.5 ± 0.5

1.6 ± 0.7

1.5 ± 0.8

1.5 ± 0.6

1.5 ± 0.6

1.6 ± 0.7

0.006

0.17

Venting

419

2.4 ± 0.9

2.4 ± 0.9

2.3 ± 0.9

2.4 ± 0.9

2.4 ± 0.8

2.4 ± 0.9

2.4 ± 0.8

0.518

0.04

Self-blame

419

2.4 ± 0.9

2.2 ± 0.9

2.3 ± 0.9

2.5 ± 0.8

2.8 ± 0.7

2.4 ± 0.9

2.6 ± 0.8

< 0.001

0.34

Passion Scale (0–7)

Harmonious passion

415

5.7 ± 0.9

5.7 ± 0.9

5.8 ± 0.8

5.7 ± 1.0

5.6 ± 0.9

5.8 ± 0.9

5.6 ± 1.

0.002

−0.19

Obsessive passion

417

4.8 ± 1.3

4.7 ± 1.4

4.8 ± 1.3

4.7 ± 1.3

5.1 ± 1.2

4.9 ± 1.3

4.8 ± 1.5

0.691

−0.02

  1. Values are reported as means ± standard deviations or n (%). P values in bold type are significant. Effect size measured as Cohen’s d, where d = 0.2 indicates a small effect, d = 0.5 indicates a medium effect, and d = 0.8 indicates a large effect
  2. aMissing value from 0–7 players for the different questions both at baseline and at follow-up. In the General Health Questionnaire, 12–15 missing answers at baseline; in Brief COPE humour and religion, 20 missing answers at baseline and 3 missing answers at follow-up
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BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation

ISSN: 2052-1847

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