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Table 2 Descriptive statistics of the plantar pressure data for the whole foot, the forefoot, and rearfoot by stroke direction (i.e., cross vs. longline), performance level (recreational, intermediate, or advanced), and foot dominance (i.e., dominant vs. non-dominant) during the forehand and backhand groundstroke (topspin)

From: Effect of stroke direction on plantar pressure in each foot during the forehand and backhand stroke among healthy adult tennis players of different performance levels

Outcome

Cross

Longline

RP

IP

AP

RP

IP

AP

D

ND

D

ND

D

ND

D

ND

D

ND

D

ND

Forehand stroke

Maximal force [N/kg]

 Whole foot

.846 ± .250

.704 ± .315

.966 ± .372

.829 ± .376

1.203 ± .408

.961 ± .400

.843 ± .337

.685 ± .293

1.046 ± .384

.805 ± .346

1.222 ± .331

.990 ± .508

 Forefoot

.605 ± .240

.536 ± .338

.755 ± .387

.632 ± .393

.982 ± .413

.775 ± .341

.557 ± .233

.517 ± .317

.770 ± .380

.595 ± .352

.971 ± .312

.826 ± .501

 Rearfoot

.391 ± .197

.307 ± .172

.363 ± .156

.286 ± .106

.336 ± .150

.308 ± .155

.395 ± .222

.265 ± .143

.442 ± .222

.312 ± .083

.345 ± .200

.284 ± .147

Force–time integral [Nms/kg]

 Whole foot

56.6 ± 23.2

53.3 ± 27.4

69.1 ± 26.2

60.5 ± 37.6

89.8 ± 40.7

86.3 ± 29.6

59.1 ± 29.1

49.6 ± 20.0

81.2 ± 38.6

44.5 ± 21.1

61.2 ± 26.0

64.2 ± 38.5

 Forefoot

38.0 ± 17.4

34.1 ± 19.8

52.4 ± 25.9

45.6 ± 34.4

73.1 ± 37.8

48.3 ± 23.4

36.6 ± 20.1

34.1 ± 19.9

59.8 ± 34.7

30.3 ± 19.3

70.4 ± 28.9

52.8 ± 36.5

 Rearfoot

18.3 ± 10.5

18.9 ± 14.3

16.4 ± 9.1

14.6 ± 8.53

16.5 ± 11.5

15.7 ± 13.6

22.2 ± 16.0

15.3 ± 9.7

21.1 ± 13.9

14.0 ± 7.2

15.7 ± 13.6

12.7 ± 8.8

Backhand stroke

Maximal force [N/kg]

 Whole foot

.880 ± .261

.683 ± .282

.920 ± .315

.725 ± .269

1.114 ± .332

1.003 ± .459

.755 ± .211

.711 ± .323

.931 ± .329

.783 ± .368

1.039 ± .332

.945 ± .435

 Forefoot

.580 ± .244

.487 ± .326

.681 ± .256

.486 ± .284

.891 ± .290

.818 ± .471

.570 ± .227

.510 ± .331

.699 ± .350

.612 ± .393

.794 ± .309

.811 ± .430

 Rearfoot

.429 ± .252

.344 ± .117

.356 ± .197

.319 ± .122

.405 ± .143

.317 ± .151

.288 ± .186

.298 ± .151

.337 ± .126

.247 ± .132

.398 ± .163

.274 ± .132

Force–time integral [Nms/kg]

 Whole foot

72.8 ± 20.2

39.6 ± 23.9

82.9 ± 41.4

43.2 ± 31.9

90.7 ± 34.6

57.3 ± 26.6

60.9 ± 24.8

46.4 ± 28.5

83.1 ± 28.0

40.2 ± 20.2

57.3 ± 26.6

60.8 ± 44.2

 Forefoot

47.7 ± 19.5

27.3 ± 21.7

57.6 ± 33.3

28.8 ± 27.7

69.2 ± 27.9

44.9 ± 30.1

43.1 ± 23.1

32.1 ± 23.7

58.8 ± 26.9

28.7 ± 19.7

59.3 ± 26.9

50.4 ± 40.9

 Rearfoot

24.8 ± 15.5

12.1 ± 7.3

25.0 ± 18.2

14.1 ± 10.2

21.2 ± 12.2

12.2 ± 7.4

17.6 ± 15.1

14.1 ± 12.0

24.0 ± 14.7

11.4 ± 10.5

24.4 ± 12.8

10.3 ± 5.8

  1. Data represent means ± standard deviations
  2. AP Advanced players; D Dominant foot; IP Intermediate players; ND Non-dominant foot; RP Recreational players