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Table 2 Estimates, confidence intervals, and statistical outcomes for the mixed models for s kinesthesia and balance (A: kinesthesia, angle reproduction error, B: postural balance, Y-Balance composite score); both times separated by the reconstructed and unimpaired leg

From: Functional outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: unravelling the role of time between injury and surgery, time since reconstruction, age, gender, pain, graft type, and concomitant injuries

 

ACL reconstructed side

Contralateral side

Estimate

Standard error

95% Confidence interval

p value

Estimate

Standard error

95% Confidence interval

p value

Lower level

Upper level

Lower level

Upper level

A Angle reproduction error [degrees] n = 368 individuals, n = 2196 measurements

 

Constant

4.2

7.1

− 9.8

18.1

0.56

10.85

7.03

− 3.01

24.72

0.12

Time

Time from injury to reconstruction [days]

− 0.0008

0.0004

− 0.0015

− 0.0002

0.02

0.002

0.002

− 0.001

0.005

0.27

 

Time since reconstruction [days]

− 0.001

0.005

− 0.01

0.01

0.90

− 0.01

0.01

− 0.02

0.01

0.33

Individual characteristics

Being female

− 1.1

0.7

− 2.4

0.2

0.09

− 1.10

0.96

− 2.99

0.79

0.25

 

Being male (ref.)

0

0

   

0

0

   
 

Pain intensity [a. u.]

0.78

0.24

0.32

1.251

0.001

0.00

0.00

   

Injury patterns

Isolate ACL rupture

3.0

7.1

− 10.8

16.9

0.67

− 2.00

6.99

− 15.78

11.78

0.77

 

Lateral ligament involved

16.9

7.6

2.1

31.8

0.03

3.07

8.03

− 12.75

18.89

0.70

 

Meniscal tear

2.9

7.1

− 11.0

16.9

0.68

− 1.8

7.0

− 15.7

12.0

0.80

 

Unhappy triad (ref.)

0.0

0.0

   

0.0

0.0

   

B Y-Balance composite score [cm] n = 559 individuals, n = 1540 measurements

 

Constant

94.62

4.36

86.020

103.22

0.001

94.211

5.70

82.92

105.502

0.001

Time

Time from injury to reconstruction [days]

− 0.004

0.007

− 0.018

0.010

0.6

− 0.002

0.008

− 0.018

0.015

0.8

 

Time since reconstruction [days]

0.001

0.002

− 0.003

0.006

1

0.00

0.003

− 0.005

0.005

1

Individual characteristics

Being female

− 4.49

2.397

− 9.22

0.23

0.062

− 6.24

3.24

− 12.660

0.19

0.06

 

Being male (ref.)

0

0

   

0

0

   
 

Age [years]

− 0.1

0.1

− 0.37

0.1

0.3

− 0.22

0.2

− 0.5

0.10

0.2

 

Pain intensity [a. u.]

− 2.5

0.9

− 4.38

− 0.7

0.001

0.00

0.0

   

Graft type

Hamstrings tendon

7.0

3.5

0.16

13.8

0.001

8.44

4.6

− 0.7

17.60

0.1

 

Patellar tendon

21.78

8.30

5.415

38.14

0.01

17.231

13.44

− 9.37

43.835

0.20

 

Quadriceps tendon (ref.)

0

0

   

0

0

   
  1. N numbers; ACL anterior cruciate ligament; LL lower level; UL upper level (of the 95% confidence interval)