Functional outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: unravelling the role of time between injury and surgery, time since reconstruction, age, gender, pain, graft type, and concomitant injuries

Niederer, Daniel; Behringer, Michael; Stein, Thomas

doi:10.1186/s13102-023-00663-x

Table 4 Estimates, confidence intervals, and statistical outcomes for the mixed models for horizontal jump and hop measurements speedy jumps (A), side hops (B), and single leg hops for distance (C); each time separated by the reconstructed and unimpaired

From: Functional outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: unravelling the role of time between injury and surgery, time since reconstruction, age, gender, pain, graft type, and concomitant injuries

		ACL reconstructed side					Contralateral side
		Estimate	Standard error	95% Confidence interval		p value	Estimate	Standard error	95% Confidence interval		p value
		Estimate	Standard error	Lower level	Upper level	p value	Estimate	Standard error	Lower level	Upper level	p value
A Speedy jump [seconds] n = 299 individuals, n = 846 measurements
	Constant	6.99	0.80	5.43	8.56	0.001	5.08	1.15	2.79	7.37	0.001
Time	time since reconstruction [days]	− 0.0006	0.0008	− 0.0021	0.0010	0.47	− 0.0009	0.0006	− 0.0020	0.0002	0.12
Individual characteristics	Being female	0.69	0.56	− 0.42	1.79	0.22	1.50	0.85	− 0.19	3.18	0.08
	Being male (ref.)	0	0				0	0
	Age [years]	0.12	0.03	0.06	0.17	0.001	0.17	0.04	0.08	0.25	0.001
	pain intensity [a.u.]	1.34	0.34	0.67	2.01	0.001	0	0
B Side hops [n] n = 684 individuals, n = 2690 measurements
	Constant	54.7	2.2	50.3	59.1	0.001	57.9	2.5	53.0	62.7	0.001
Time	Time from injury to reconstruction [days]	0.002	0.001	0.000	0.003	0.03	− 0.0033	0.0014	− 0.0061	− 0.0006	0.017
Time	Time since reconstruction [days]	0.009	0.002	0.005	0.012	0.001	0.007	0.002	0.003	0.010	0.001
Individual characteristics	Age [years]	− 0.28	0.07	− 0.42	− 0.15	0.001	− 0.29	0.08	− 0.45	− 0.13	0.001
	Pain intensity [a.u.]	− 2.24	0.45	− 3.12	− 1.36	0.001	0	0
	Being female	− 9.77	1.56	− 12.85	− 6.70	0.001	− 5.57	1.59	− 8.70	− 2.44	0.001
	Being male (ref.)	0	0				0	0
C Single leg hop for distance [cm] n = 465 individuals, n = 1402 measurements
	Constant	152.7	12.7	127.7	177.6	0.001	166.9	12.8	141.4	192.3	0.001
Time	Time since reconstruction [days]	0.056	0.026	0.004	0.107	0.04	0.016	0.028	− 0.039	0.072	0.6
Time	Time from injury to reconstruction [days]	− 0.001	0.015	− 0.031	0.028	0.9	0.005	0.015	− 0.025	0.036	0.7
Individual characteristics	Being female	− 36.6	5.3	− 47.0	− 26.2	0.001	− 36.5	5.8	− 48.1	− 25.0	0.001
	Being male (ref.)	0	0				0^c	0
	Age [years]	− 1.26	0.27	− 1.80	− 0.72	0.001	− 0.99	0.27	− 1.53	− 0.44	0.001
	Pain intensity [a.u.]	− 9.05	3.01	− 15.00	− 3.10	0.003	0	0
Graft type	Hamstrings tendon	− 1.72	9.29	− 20.1	16.6	0.9	2.7	10.1	− 17.3	22.7	0.8
	Patellar tendon	19.8	16.1	− 11.9	51.5	0.2	67.5	31.0	5.9	129.1	0.001
	Quadriceps tendon (ref.)	0	0				0	0

N numbers; ACL anterior cruciate ligament; LL lower level; UL upper level (of the 95% confidence interval); ref. reference

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