Effects of back school-based intervention on non-specific neck pain in adults: a randomized controlled trial

Table 4 Inferential statistics of the ANCOVA test per protocol

Variable	Group (N)	Pre-test Mean ± SD	Post-test Mean ± SD	Mean differences [95% CI]	p value	Hedges’ g
VAS (mm)	CG (27)	50 ± 11	21 ± 13	-29 [-34 to -24]	p < 0.001	0.99
VAS (mm)	EG (28)	50 ± 10	10 ± 7	-40 [-42 to -37]	p < 0.001	0.99
NDI	CG (27)	10.9 ± 5	5.9 ± 4.6	-5 [-6.1 to -3.8]	p < 0.001	1.2
NDI	EG (28)	11.1 ± 4.3	1.8 ± 0.9	-9.3 [-10.8 to -7.8]	p < 0.001	1.2
fSF-36	CG (27)	40.6 ± 6.3	41.9 ± 5.2	1.3 [0.6 to 2.1]	p = 0.021	-1.84
fSF-36	EG (28)	40.2 ± 7.1	44.9 ± 6.2	4.8 [4.1 to 5.6]	p = 0.021	-1.84
pSF-36	CG (27)	57 ± 4	57.2 ± 3.7	0.2 [-0.8 to 1.2]	p = 0.814	0.02
pSF-36	EG (28)	56.6 ± 3.5	56.8 ± 3.9	0.2 [-1.5 to 1.8]	p = 0.814	0.02
TSK-11	CG (27)	27.7 ± 5.3	24.9 ± 5.7	-2.9 [-4.4 to -1.3]	p < 0.001	2
TSK-11	EG (28)	27.9 ± 4.8	17 ± 2.5	-10.8 [-12.4 to -9.3]	p < 0.001	2

N: sample; SD: standard deviation; CI: Confidence Interval; CG: control group; EG: experimental group; VAS: Visual Analogue Scale; p: p value; NDI: Neck Disability Index; fSF-36: physical Short-Form Health Survey-36; pSF-36: psychosocial Short-Form Health Survey-36; TSK-11: Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia.

ISSN: 2052-1847