Table 1 Standardized shoulder complex ROM measurement techniques
CAD | FLX | ER0 | IR | ER | ARC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Participant laying supine with knees flexed. Consisted of measuring the linear distance (cm) between the lateral humeral epicondyle and contralateral acromion process. | Participant laying supine with knees flexed. The axis of the goniometer was placed over the center of the humeral head at the greater tuberosity. The fixed arm was along the participant’s side aligned with the greater trochanter and parallel to the floor using a bubble level. The moving arm was along the lateral aspect of the humeral shaft and aligned with the lateral epicondyle. | Participant laying supine with knees flexed. The humerus was placed in neutral position along the participant’s torso with the elbow in 90° of flexion. The axis of the goniometer was placed over the olecrenon process and aligned with the center of the shaft of the humerus. The fixed arm was positioned perpendicular to the floor using a bubble level. The humerus was then externally rotated and the moving arm was aligned along the shaft of the ulna using the ulnar styloid process as a landmark | Participant laying supine with knees flexed. The humerus was placed in 90° of abduction with the elbow flexed to 90°. The axis of the goniometer was placed over the center of the humeral head at the greater tuberosity. The fixed arm was perpendicular to the floor using a bubble level. The humerus was then internally rotated and the moving arm was aligned along the shaft of the ulna using the ulnar styloid process as a landmark. | Participant laying supine with knees flexed. The humerus was placed in 90° of abduction with the elbow flexed to 90°. The axis of the goniometer was placed over the center of the humeral head at the greater tuberosity. The fixed arm was aligned perpendicular to the floor using a bubble level. The humerus was then externally rotated and the moving arm was aligned along the shaft of the ulna using the ulnar styloid process as a landmark. | The arc of IR and ER was the sum of the IR and ER measurements described above. |