Outcome measures
|
Boxing (n = 6)
| |
Walking (n = 6)
| |
P (between groups)
|
Effect size (between groups)
|
---|
Week 0
|
Week 16
|
%Change
|
P
|
Effect size(within group)
|
Week 0
|
Week 16
|
%Change
|
P
|
Effect size(within group)
|
---|
Obesity outcomes:
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Waist circumference (cm)
|
111.1 (18.0)
|
104.4 (12.2)
|
-5.3 (7.7)
|
0.19
|
0.48
|
98.4 (6.2)
|
97.8 (6.7)
|
-0.6 (2.7)
|
0.61
|
0.10
|
0.86
|
0.004
|
Body mass (kg)
|
95.7 (21.0)
|
90.8 (15.1)
|
-4.1 (7.0)
|
0.23
|
0.29
|
85.6 (9.1)
|
85.4 (9.4)
|
-0.3 (1.2)
|
0.63
|
0.02
|
0.93
|
0.001
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
32.0 (5.9)
|
30.5 (4.0)
|
-4.0 (7.3)
|
0.25
|
0.33
|
30.8 (2.6)
|
30.7 (3.0)
|
-0.3 (1.8)
|
0.78
|
0.03
|
1
|
0
|
Body fat percentage (%)
|
33.5 (10.1)
|
29.5 (11.1)
|
-13.2 (10.6)
|
0.047
|
0.41
|
37.3 (13.1)
|
35.0 (11.3)
|
-5.4 (7.5)
|
0.17
|
0.21
|
0.95
|
0.004
|
Cardiovascular outcomes:
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Resting HR (beats/min)
|
66 (4)
|
62 (6)
|
-6 (8)
|
0.10
|
0.86
|
75 (12)
|
74 (11)
|
-1 (4)
|
0.43
|
0.09
|
0.34
|
0.13
|
Resting SBP (mmHg)
|
137 (12)
|
123 (8)
|
-10 (7)
|
0.026
|
1.50
|
127 (4)
|
129 (8)
|
+2 (5)
|
0.45
|
0.34
|
0.10
|
0.33
|
Resting DBP (mmHg)
|
89 (8)
|
82 (9)
|
-8 (8)
|
0.074
|
0.90
|
89 (7)
|
89 (5)
|
0 (7)
|
1
|
0
|
0.16
|
0.26
|
Augmentation Index (%)
|
17.0 (15.4)
|
7.2 (15.7)
|
-126.7 (128.4)
|
<0.001
|
0.69
|
12.0 (18.5)
|
16.8 (12.6)
|
+41.4 (95.2)
|
0.41
|
0.33
|
0.064
|
0.41
|
Pulse Pressure (mmHg)
|
47 (9)
|
41 (5)
|
-10 (23)
|
0.28
|
0.90
|
38 (3)
|
41 (4)
|
+9 (14.0)
|
0.22
|
0.93
|
0.36
|
0.12
|
VO2max (ml/kg min)
|
27.9 (2.4)
|
32.5 (5.0)
|
+16.9 (18.6)
|
0.06
|
1.28
|
29.0 (6.4)
|
28.8 (8.0)
|
-1.1 (16.3)
|
0.93
|
0.03
|
0.34
|
0.13
|
VO2max (L/min)
|
2.691 (0.688)
|
2.970 (0.802)
|
+10.2 (6.7)
|
0.015
|
0.41
|
2.490 (0.691)
|
2.454 (0.761)
|
-1.6 (16.5)
|
0.78
|
0.05
|
0.22
|
0.21
|
HRQoL outcomes:
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Physical Functioning
|
92.5 (6.1)
|
96.7 (2.6)
|
+4.7 (4.4)
|
0.042
|
0.98
|
91.7 (11.7)
|
90.8 (8.0)
|
-0.12 (9.3)
|
0.81
|
0.10
|
0.11
|
0.32
|
General Health
|
53.3 (8.8)
|
65.0 (8.9)
|
+25.2 (32.1)
|
0.07
|
1.45
|
65.8 (20.1)
|
62.5 (25.1)
|
-7.3 (16.8)
|
0.44
|
0.15
|
0.21
|
0.22
|
Vitality
|
50.0 (28.5)
|
66.3 (191)
|
+54.8 (49.9)
|
0.024
|
0.74
|
68.8 (32.6)
|
59.7 (33.8)
|
-19.1 (28.3)
|
0.043
|
0.30
|
0.02
|
0.54
|
- Data expressed as mean (standard deviation). Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, HR heart rate, SBP systolic blood pressure, VO
2peak
peak oxygen consumption. Effect size = Cohen’s d.