Table 2 Characteristics of included randomized controlled trials

(Ashburn et al. 2007) [7]

• n = 142 (Exp = 70, Control = 72).

Exp group: muscle strengthening, range of movement, balance training, walking training and Strategies for falls prevention, movement initiation and compensation.

• Rates of Falling

• Sex :male = ___female = ___

Con group: visited by nurse For 6 months

• Functional reach

• Mean Age of expt. =72.7(9.6)

• BBS timed up and go test

• Mean Age of control. =71.6(8.8)

• Baseline UPDRS: Exp = 19.8(8.3) and Control = 22.2(11.9)

(Smania et al. 2010) [8]

• n = 64 (Exp = 33, control = 31)

Exp group: Exercises of self-destabilization of the COBM, Inducing destabilization of COBM externally and coordination between leg and arm movements during walking &locomotor dexterity over an obstacle course

• BBS

• Mean Age of expt. =67.64 (7.41)

Cont.group:- active joint mobilization, muscle stretching, and motor coordination exercises.

• ABC

• Mean Age of control = 67.26(7.18)

21 treatment sessions of 50 min each for one month.

• UPDRS

• idiopathic PD and PI (Hoehn and Yahr [H&Y] stage 3–4)

• modified Hoehn and Yahr scale

(Protas et al., 2005) [24]

n = 18(Expt. = 9, Control = 9)

Exp group I: Gait training(walking on a treadmill at a speed greater than over ground walking speed)

Gait parameters

Mean age of exp. = 71.3(7.4)

Exp group II [PNF]: Basic and Gait PNF, movement guidance, support & resistance for 1 h/day, three times per week for 8 weeks

5-step test report of falls

Mean age of contrl. = 73.7 (8.5)

(Schlenstedt et al. 2015) [27]

n = 32(Res. Training : n =17, balance training: n = 15;

2x/week for 7 weeks, Each session lasted 60 min.

Fullerton Advanced Balance (FAB) scale

Mean age of exp. = 75.7 ± 5.5

Resistance training group: strengthening exercise was given to lower limb muscles

Timed-up-and-go-test (TUG)

Mean age of contl. = 75.7 ± 7.2

Balance training group : stance- and gait tasks which require feed forward and feedback postural control

UPDRS

(Conradsson et al. 2015) [25]

(n = 100), experimental group = 51

Expt: reactive postural adjustments to control their balance during single-tasking(a 10-week Hi Balance program)

• Mini BESTest,

Control group =49.

Control: normal physical activities and participation in ongoing rehabilitation program.

• gait velocity

Mean Age of expt. =72.9 (6.0)

• Falls Efficacy Scale

Mean Age of control. =73.6 (5.3)

(Shen and Mak 2014) [29]

n = 51, (Expt., = 26) and (Contrl, = 25).

Expt : technology assisted balance + gait training

• falls rate

Mean Age of expt. =63.3 (8.0)

Control :- strengthening exercises (3 sessions/week, separated by 4 weeks of selfsupervised home-based training at a frequency of 5 sessions/week

• single-leg-stance time,

Mean Age of control. =65.3 (8.5)

• stride length

(Allen et al. 2010) [26]

n = 45 (Expt. =21 and Contrl. = 24)

Exp’t: Multi component exercise program (home-based)

• falls risk score

Mean Age of expt. =66 (10)

3 sessions/week/40-60 min/session/week for 30 days for 72 sessions

• timed sit-to-stand

Mean Age of control. =68 (7)

Control: Usual care (no exercise)

• falls rate

(Cakit et al. 2007) [28]

n = 31 (expt. = 21, control = 10), mean age =71.8 ± 6.4

Experimental group: Incremental speed-dependent treadmill training for 8 weeks.

• UPDRS

baseline UPDRS 18.14 _ 9.32

control group: not really mentioned

• BBS

• Dynamic Gait Index

• FES