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Table 2 Characteristics of included randomized controlled trials
| Authors | Participant characteristics | Intervention types and intensity for experiment and control groups | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|
| (Ashburn et al. 2007) [7] | • n = 142 (Exp = 70, Control = 72). | Exp group: muscle strengthening, range of movement, balance training, walking training and Strategies for falls prevention, movement initiation and compensation. | • Rates of Falling |
| • Sex :male = ___female = ___ | Con group: visited by nurse For 6 months | • Functional reach | |
| • Mean Age of expt. =72.7(9.6) | • BBS timed up and go test | ||
| • Mean Age of control. =71.6(8.8) | |||
| • Baseline UPDRS: Exp = 19.8(8.3) and Control = 22.2(11.9) | |||
| (Smania et al. 2010) [8] | • n = 64 (Exp = 33, control = 31) | Exp group: Exercises of self-destabilization of the COBM, Inducing destabilization of COBM externally and coordination between leg and arm movements during walking &locomotor dexterity over an obstacle course | • BBS |
| • Mean Age of expt. =67.64 (7.41) | Cont.group:- active joint mobilization, muscle stretching, and motor coordination exercises. | • ABC | |
| • Mean Age of control = 67.26(7.18) | 21 treatment sessions of 50 min each for one month. | • UPDRS | |
| • idiopathic PD and PI (Hoehn and Yahr [H&Y] stage 3–4) | • modified Hoehn and Yahr scale | ||
| (Protas et al., 2005) [24] | n = 18(Expt. = 9, Control = 9) | Exp group I: Gait training(walking on a treadmill at a speed greater than over ground walking speed) | Gait parameters |
| Mean age of exp. = 71.3(7.4) | Exp group II [PNF]: Basic and Gait PNF, movement guidance, support & resistance for 1 h/day, three times per week for 8 weeks | 5-step test report of falls | |
| Mean age of contrl. = 73.7 (8.5) | |||
| (Schlenstedt et al. 2015) [27] | n = 32(Res. Training : n =17, balance training: n = 15; | 2x/week for 7 weeks, Each session lasted 60 min. | Fullerton Advanced Balance (FAB) scale |
| Mean age of exp. = 75.7 ± 5.5 | Resistance training group: strengthening exercise was given to lower limb muscles | Timed-up-and-go-test (TUG) | |
| Mean age of contl. = 75.7 ± 7.2 | Balance training group : stance- and gait tasks which require feed forward and feedback postural control | UPDRS | |
| (Conradsson et al. 2015) [25] | (n = 100), experimental group = 51 | Expt: reactive postural adjustments to control their balance during single-tasking(a 10-week Hi Balance program) | • Mini BESTest, |
| Control group =49. | Control: normal physical activities and participation in ongoing rehabilitation program. | • gait velocity | |
| Mean Age of expt. =72.9 (6.0) | • Falls Efficacy Scale | ||
| Mean Age of control. =73.6 (5.3) | |||
| (Shen and Mak 2014) [29] | n = 51, (Expt., = 26) and (Contrl, = 25). | Expt : technology assisted balance + gait training | • falls rate |
| Mean Age of expt. =63.3 (8.0) | Control :- strengthening exercises (3 sessions/week, separated by 4 weeks of selfsupervised home-based training at a frequency of 5 sessions/week | • single-leg-stance time, | |
| Mean Age of control. =65.3 (8.5) | • stride length | ||
| (Allen et al. 2010) [26] | n = 45 (Expt. =21 and Contrl. = 24) | Exp’t: Multi component exercise program (home-based) | • falls risk score |
| Mean Age of expt. =66 (10) | 3 sessions/week/40-60 min/session/week for 30 days for 72 sessions | • timed sit-to-stand | |
| Mean Age of control. =68 (7) | Control: Usual care (no exercise) | • falls rate | |
| (Cakit et al. 2007) [28] | n = 31 (expt. = 21, control = 10), mean age =71.8 ± 6.4 | Experimental group: Incremental speed-dependent treadmill training for 8 weeks. | • UPDRS |
| baseline UPDRS 18.14 _ 9.32 | control group: not really mentioned | • BBS | |
| • Dynamic Gait Index | |||
| • FES |
