Table 4 Summary of results of included randomized controlled trials (n = 8)

(Ashburn et al. 2007) [7]

1. Functional reach test(cm): − Experimental group at (start/8 weeks/6 months) = 23.2/23.6/23.8

            Control group at (start/8 weeks/6months) = 25.0/24.0/22.5

2. Berg balance scale(BBS) (o-56) : the higher the score, the risk of falling decreases

              Experimental group at (start/8 weeks/6 months) = 44.3/45.8/45.3

              Control group at (start/8weeks/6months) = 43.6./45.2/44.6

(Smania et al. 2010) [8]

1. BBS(0–56):- Experimental group (before/after/1 month) =44.5/49.8/49.9

      Control group (before/after/1 month) = 41.8/41.0/40.85

2. Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale ABC(0–100):- Experimental group (before/after/1 month) = 54.3/61.3./62.3

                        Control group (before/after/1 month) = 49.5/48.2/47.0

3. Number of falls : Experimental group (before/after/1 month) = 4.3/1.3/1.3

        Control group (before/after/1 month) = 4.6/4.1/4.1

(Protas et al. 2005) [24]

Gait and step perturbation training resulted in a reduction in falls and improvements in gait and dynamic balance.

(Schlenstedt et al. 2015) [27]

1. FAB scale :- resistance group 22.2 ± 4.8

      Balance group 24.5 ± 4.6,(P value = 0.123)

(Conradsson et al. 2015) [25]

1. Falls Efficacy scale score:- Experimental group (baseline/post test = 30.1(/27.3

            Control group (baseline/post test = 28.8/26.5

(Shen and Mak 2014) [29]

There were fewer fallers in the expt. than in the Cont. group at Post 3 m, Post 6 m, and Post 12 m (P < .05). In addition, the expt. group had lower fall rate than the Cont. group at Post 3 m, 6 m and 15 m

(Allen et al. 2010) [26]

1. PD falls risk score: Experimental group (baseline(SD)/post test(SD) =34(25)/23(22)

         Control group (baseline(SD)/post test(SD) = 39(34)/38(31)

2. Falls Efficacy scale score :- Experimental groups(baseline/post test = 28.1(12.1)/25.8(7.9)

            Control groups baseline/post test =29.1(10.3)/30.4(10.8)

(Cakit et al. 2007) [28]

1. BBS : Experimental group (baseline/8 weeks = 37.0 ± 9.41/44.09 ± 7.11

   Control Group (baseline/8 weeks = 42.6 ± 9.37/41.4 ± 10.65

2. Falls Efficacy Scale : expt. group(baseline/8 weeks. = 37.72 ± 9.29/25.45 ± 7.46

         Control group(baseline/8 weeks. = 26.8 ± 8.06/29.2 ± 9.87