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Table 2 Mean (SD) measures, and mean difference (95% CI) for stance and vision type

From: The effects of textured insoles on quiet standing balance in four stance types with and without vision

Measure

Stance

Mean EO (SD)

Mean EC (SD)

Mean dif. (95% CI)

APSD (mm)

Bipedal

3.93 (1.34)

5.17 (2.37)

1.24 (0.69 to 1.8)

Standard Romberg

4.66 (1.79)

5.97 (1.92)

1.31 (0.68 to 1.94)

Tandem Romberg

6.83 (3.66)

10.01 (5.85)

3.18 (1.75 to 4.61)

Unipedal

7.25 (2.33)

12.39 (2.5)

5.14 (4.41 to 5.89)

AP Range (mm)

Bipedal

22.19 (6.67)

28.94 (11.69)

6.75 (3.7 to 9.81)

Standard Romberg

25.12 (8.24)

32.21 (8.86)

7.09 (4.53 to 9.66)

Tandem Romberg

39.22 (18.63)

60.95 (36.09)

21.73 (12.43 to 31.02)

Unipedal

42 (14.84)

76.38 (17.61)

34.38 (28.31 to 40.45)

MLSD (mm)

Bipedal

1.76 (0.8)

2.1 (1.01)

0.34 (0.12 to 0.56)

Standard Romberg

4.45 (1.31)

5.67 (1.81)

1.22 (0.88 to 1.56)

Tandem Romberg

5.41 (1.02)

10.31 (2.01)

4.9 (4.42 to 5.38)

Unipedal

5.53 (1.12)

10.33 (1.39)

4.8 (4.46 to 5.15)

ML Range (mm)

Bipedal

11.99 (6.78)

13.55 (6.33)

1.56 (− 0.42 to 3.55)*

Standard Romberg

23.33 (6.42)

31.08 (9.22)

7.75 (5.86 to 9.65)

Tandem Romberg

29.83 (5.02)

51.63 (11.42)

21.8 (18.65 to 24.95)

Unipedal

29.77 (5.12)

45.99 (6.37)

16.22 (14.41 to 18.02)

Mean Velocity (mm/s)

Bipedal

51.02 (14.85)

51.24 (14.58)

0.22 (−1.22 to 1.67)*

Standard Romberg

52.89 (15.9)

53.75 (14.26)

0.86 (−1.1 to 2.84)*

Tandem Romberg

71.71 (16.45)

92.92 (20.06)

21.21 (15.3 to 27.1)

Unipedal

65.31 (12.83)

105.83 (21.41)

40.52 (34.22 to 46.83)

  1. AP Anterior-posterior, ML Medial-lateral, SD Standard deviation, EO Eyes Open, EC Eyes Closed, dif. difference, CI confidence interval
  2. *non-significant change