Table 9 Study characteristics investigating mean long-term performance improvement from kettlebell training
From: Kettlebell training in clinical practice: a scoping review
Author | Participants | Observing | Exercise | Hardstyle / Sport / other | Duration (weeks) | Format | Freq/wk | Load (kg) | Effect | Effect size | Control/ comparator | Randomised | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Age (yrs) | Weight (kg) | Gender | Active | Kettlebell proficient / novice | ||||||||||||
Ambrozy et al. (2017) [100] | 40 | 27–32 | unknown | F | Y | novice | hand speed, flexibility, explosive strength, strength endurance, agility, VO2, Wingate test | circuit (unknown) | other | 8 | 60 mins | 3 | unknown | VO2 + 6.31 ml.kg−1.min−1 Average Power + 8.30 W Maximum Power + 20.53 W Bent arm hang + 13 s | Trivial (δ = 0.27, p ≤ 0.05) Trivial (δ = 0.10, p ≤ 0.05) Trivial (δ = 0.15, p ≤ 0.05) Moderate (δ = 1.36, p ≤ 0.05) | Minimally active | Y |
Beltz et al. (2013) [101] | 17 | 22.1 ± 2.80 (M) 21.5 ± 3.93 (F) | 77.7 ± 10.86 (M) 64.5 ± 12.56 (F) | M / F | Y | novice | strength, aerobic capacity, body composition, flexibility, balance, and core strength. | circuit | hardstyle | 8 | 45–60 min | 2 | unknown | Dynamic balance (PL) + 7.2 cm VO2 + 5.0 ml.kg− 1.min− 1 Leg press + 41.7 kg Grip strength + 1.7 kg Prone plank + 45 s | Moderate (SMD = 1.14, p ≤ 0.05) Trivial (δ = 0.33, p ≤ 0.05) Moderate (δ = 0.82, p ≤ 0.05) Small (δ = 0.42, p ≤ 0.05) Very large (δ = 1.32, p ≤ 0.05) | Y | N |
Chen et al. (2018) [98] | 33 | 66.7 ± 5.3 | 66.3 ± 12.1 | F | N | novice | skeletal and appendicular muscle mass, body fat mass, sarcopenia index, pulmonary function, grip strength, isometric back strength, chronic proinflammatory cytokine concentration | ×11: swing, deadlift, goblet squat, squat lunge, row, single arm row, biceps curl, triceps extension, two-arm military press, Turkish get up | hardstyle | 8 | 60 mins, 5 ex’s, 3 sets, 8–12 reps, 2–3 min rest | 2 | 60–70% 1RM | Sarcopenia index − 0.26 Handgrip strength (L) + 4.26 kg Handgrip strength (R) + 4.71 kg Back strength + 6.37 kg Peak expiratory flow + 0.79 L/s | Med/Lrg (δ = 0.79, p ≤ 0.05) Very large (δ = 1.2, p ≤ 0.05) Large (δ = 0.88, p ≤ 0.05) Large (δ = 0.83, p ≤ 0.05) Med/Lrg (δ = 0.79, p ≤ 0.05) | Y | Y |
Elbadry et al. (2018) [102] | 40 | 20.17 ± 0.4 | 75 ± 2.9 | F | Y | novice | Standing LJ, softball throw, grip, LL strength, hammer throw | unknown | other | 8 | 60 mins | 3 | unknown | Standing long jump + 11.37 Softball throw + 6.94 Handgrip strength (L) + 12.72 Handgrip strength (R) + 6.82 Static strength (BS) + 6.06 Static strength (LS) + 9.76 Performance (hammer) + 22.27 | Medium (δ = 0.66, p ≤ 0.05) Huge (δ = 2.74, p ≤ 0.05) Huge (δ = 2.92, p ≤ 0.05) Large (δ = 0.94, p ≤ 0.05) Medium, (δ = 0.64, p ≤ 0.05) Very large, (δ =1.37, p ≤ 0.05) Very large (δ = 1.20, p ≤ 0.05) | Y | unknown |
Falatic et al. (2015) | 17 | 19.7 ± 1.0 | 64.2 ± 8.2 | F | Y | novice | aerobic capacity (VO2) | Jay’s MVO2 snatch protocol | hardstyle | 4 | 20 mins, 15:15 | 3 | 12 | VO2max + 2.3 ml.kg− 1.min− 1 | Medium (SMD = 0.72, p < 0.05) | circuit weight training | N |
Holmstrup et al. (2016) [103] | 18 | 18–25 | unknown | F | Y | novice | Sprint performance | swing | hardstyle | 8 | 10:10 × 8 | 2 | 9.1–13.7 | Vertical jump + 2.4 cm Sprint -1 s | Small (SMD = 0.48, p > 0.05) Trivial (SMD = 0.04, p > 0.05) | N | N |
Jay et al. (2011) [104] | 40 | 44 ± 8 | 68 ± 11 | M / F | N | novice | self-reported pain (neck/shoulders, back), strength (back, trunk, shoulder), VO2 | swing | hardstyle | 8 | 10–15 min, 30:60 to 30:30 × 10 | 3 | 8–16 | Neck/shoulder pain VAS − 1.7 Low back pain VAS − 1.6 Back extension MVC + 19.6 Nm Trunk flexion MVC + 12.0 Nm Shoulder elevation MVC + 7.0 Nm VO2max + 2.9 ml.kg− 1.min− 1 | Small (SMD = − 0.94, p ≤ 0.05) Small (SMD = − 0.89, p ≤ 0.05) Trivial = (SMD = 0.47, p ≤ 0.05) Trivial (SMD = 0.29, p > 0.05) Trivial (SMD = 0.39, p > 0.05) Trivial (SMD = 0.39, p > 0.05) | Y | Y |
Jay et al. (2013) [105] | 40 | 44 ± 8 | 68 ± 11 | M / F | N | novice | postural reaction to external perturbation, vertical jump performance | swing | hardstyle | 8 | 10–15 min, 30:60 to 30:30 × 10 | 3 | 8–16 | Vertical jump + 1.5 cm Stopping time -109 ms | Medium (SMD = 1.5, p > 0.05) Large (SMD = − 2.87, p ≤ 0.05) | Y | Y |
Lake et al. (2012) | 21 | 18–27 | 72.58 ± 12.87 | M | Y | novice | half squat 1RM and vertical jump height | swing | hardstyle | 6 | 30:30 × 12 | 2 | 12–16 | Half squat + 18 kg Vertical jump + 3 cm | Small (SMD = 0.82, p?) Small (SMD = 0.60, p?) |  |  |
Manocchia et al. (2013) [106] | 37 | 40.8 ± 12.9 | 76.6 ± 14.4 | M / F | Y | novice | transfers of strength and power + muscular endurance | > 20 | other | 10 | 60 mins | 2 | unknown | Barbell clean & jerk + 4.2 kg Barbell bench press + 14.2 kg | Moderate (SMD = 1.17, p < 0.05) Small (SMD = 0.63, p < 0.05) |  |  |
Maulit et al. (2017) [107] | 31 | 23.1 ± 2.3 | 83.9 ± 13.8 | M | Y | novice | strength and power | swing | other | 4 | 4 sets × 5 reps to 6 × 4 | 2 | 10–12.5% MTP | Deadlift 1RM + 8.2 kg Vertical jump + 1.1 cm | Moderate (SMD = 1.17, p > 0.05) Small (SMD = 0.63, p > 0.05) |  |  |
Ooraniyan et al. (2018) [108] | 30 | 18–23 | unknown | M | Y | novice | lower limb strength, muscular strength | pistol squat, biceps curl, row, front raise | other | 6 | unknown | 3 | unknown | Lower limb strength Muscular strength ameasures not describeda | Large (SMD = 0.40, p ≤ 0.05) Small (δ = 1.02, p ≤ 0.05) Moderate (SMD = 1.02, p ≤ 0.05) Large (δ = 0.99, p ≤ 0.05) |  |  |
Otto et al. (2012) [44] | 30 | 19–26 | 78.99 ± 10.68 | M | Y | novice | strength, power, and body composition | swing, accelerated swing, goblet squat | other | 6 | 1–3 sets (3 × 6,4 × 4,4 × 6 then 4 × 6,6 × 4,4 × 6) | 2 | 16 | Vertical jump + 0.18 cm Back squat + 5.58 kg Power clean + 3.35 kg | Trivial (SMD = 0.05, p ≤ 0.05) Trivial (SMD = 0.18, p ≤ 0.05) Trivial (SMD = 0.18, p ≤ 0.05) |  |  |
Parasuraman et al. (2018) [109] | 45 | 18–25 | unknown | M | Y | novice | Max push-ups, plank endurance | various | other | 6 | 45 mins | 3 | unknown | Max push-ups + 4 trunk endurance + 57 s | KB > CON, p ≤ 0.05 |  |  |
Smith et al. (2014) [110] | 28 | 20–29 | unknown | M / F | Y | novice | post-activation potentiation and vertical jump | swing | other | 8 | ×4–6 squat + × 5 CMJS | 3 | 20–36 | Vertical jump + 4.62 cm | Very small (δ = − 0.04, p > 0.05) |  |  |
Kramer et al. (2015) [111] | 27 | 18–26 | 80.0 (M) 63.9 (F) | M / F | Y | novice | anaerobic power | various (×5) | other | 4a | 15:45 × 5 × 2 | 3 | 9–16 | Mean Power Peak Power Rate of Fatigue | Trivial, p > 0.05 |  |  |
Kruszewski et al. (2017) [112] | 24 | 21.2 ± 1.2 | 89.83 ± 9.62 | M | Y | novice | 40yrd run, agility, CM jump, standing long jump, bench press | various | Sport | 32 | Complex | 4 | 16–72 | Training effects not reported |  |  | |
Wade et al. (2016) [113] | 17 | 30.4 ± 6.9 | 81.4 ± 12.4 | M / F | Y | novice | USAF fitness, speed, power, and agility | swing | other | 10 | 5 × 2 mins, 30s rest | 3 | 6–14 | Body fat (2.5%) Max push-ups [6] Max sit-ups [3] 1.5-mile run (12 s) Max grip strength (3.1 kg) Pro agility (0.1 s) Vertical jump (1.3 cm) 40-yard dash (0.4 s) | Small (δ = −0.37, p ≤ 0.05) Very small (δ = − 0.03, p > 0.05) Small (δ = − 0.47, p > 0.05) Medium/Large (d = − 0.79, p > 0.05) Small (δ = 0.10, p > 0.05) Small (δ = − 0.40, p > 0.05) Small (δ = 0.36, p > 0.05) Small (δ = − 0.40, p ≤ 0.05) |  |  |