Table 4 Parameter estimates of the variables using structural equation modeling
Variables and their relation to performance-enhancing drug use | Estimate | S.E | Ratio (Estimate/SE) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Legitimacy perceptions | 0.033 | 0.051 | 0.654 | 0.513 |
Morality and cheating measures | −0.139 | 0.054 | −2.549 | 0.011 |
Beliefs about the benefits of doping | 0.063 | 0.151 | 0.415 | 0.678 |
Threat or deterrence appraisal | −0.301 | 0.068 | −4.426 | < 0.001 |
Beliefs about the reference group’s endorsement | −0.213 | 0.058 | −3.693 | < 0.001 |