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Table 2 Aquatic exercise program a

From: The effect of Total resistance exercise vs. aquatic training on self-reported knee instability, pain, and stiffness in women with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial

Type of exercise

Exercises

Set

Warm up

walking (forward, backward, sidewalk, with kickboard)

stretching exercise for lower extremity muscles: quadriceps, hamstrings, triceps surae, abductors and adductors of hip and gluteal muscles

3.10 (first 4 weeks) and 10 s rest

3.12 (second 4 weeks) and 10 s rest

Strength

Hip flexion, extension, and hyperextension, Hip abduction and adduction Knee flexion and extension, Double-Leg Calf Raise, Single-Leg Calf Raise, resisted hip extension, resisted hip abduction (resistance was considered water, noodle, and sand bag

3.10 (first 4 weeks) and 10 s rest

3.12 (second 4 weeks) and 10 s rest

Aerobic

Bounce: Knee lift/knee-high jog, Inner thigh lift/ankle reach Front, Leg curl/hamstring curl/heel-high jog, Kick front /straight leg Kick front/karate, Kick corner, Kick across, Kick side, Kick back, Cross-country ski, Bike on the noodle Jumping jack, Cross-country ski, Leap, Jazz kick/front, Jazz kick/corner, Pendulum

3.12 (first 4 weeks) and 10 s rest

3.15 (second 4 weeks) and 10 s rest

Step and proprioceptive

Gait training in anteroposterior, lateral-lateral, and diagonal. Then they will go up and down step alternating legs.

Hand on hip as leg perform a rocking horse.

Knee chest (supine, prone, and standing)

Cross-country ski.

Also, step up and step down: forward and side ward.

3.10 (first 4 weeks) and 10 s rest

3.12 (second 4 weeks) and 10 s rest

Core training

Stand and abduct and adduct the shoulder, Spinal rotation, standing with diagonal movement of hands with sand ball, Spinal rotation with sand ball, Bike on the noodle

3.10 (first 4 weeks) and 10 s rest

3.12 (second 4 weeks) and 10 s rest

Cool down

Deep breathing-forward and back ward tandem walking-static stretching interspersed with water walking- - Figure 8 arm sweep with spinal rotation and shoulder abduction and adduction.

10 s for each stretch

  1. a Random selection of exercises from the following list was performed during each session