BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation

Table 3 Group differences

From: Motivation behind running among older adult runners

	Years of running				Participation
	p	η²	1–β	Post-Hoc	p	η²	1–β	Post-Hoc
Self-esteem	< 0.001	0.237	1.00	(0 < 1)(0 < 2)(0 < 3)	< 0.001	0.339	1.00	(0 < 1)(0 < 2)(0 < 3)
Psychological coping	< 0.001	0.118	0.999	(0 < 1)(0 < 2)(0 < 3)	< 0.001	0.187	1.00	(0 < 1)(0 < 2)(3 < 1)(3 < 2)
Meaning of life	< 0.001	0.171	1.00	(0 < 1)(0 < 2)(0 < 3)	< 0.001	0.281	1.00	(0 < 1)(0 < 2)(3 < 1)(3 < 2)
Personal goal achievement	< 0.001	0.286	1.00	(0 < 1)(0 < 2)(0 < 3)(1 < 2)	< 0.001	0.446	1.00	(0 < 1)(0 < 2)(0 < 3)
Competition	< 0.001	0.328	1.00	(0 < 1)(0 < 2)(0 < 3)(1 < 2)	< 0.001	0.645	1.00	(0 < 1)(0 < 2)(0 < 3)(3 < 1)(3 < 2)
Showing recognition	< 0.001	0.269	1.00	(0 < 1)(0 < 2)(0 < 3)(1 < 2)	< 0.001	0.569	1.00	(0 < 1)(0 < 2)(0 < 3)(3 < 1)(3 < 2)
Affiliation motives	< 0.001	0.358	1.00	(0 < 1)(0 < 2)(0 < 3)(1 < 2)	< 0.001	0.625	1.00	(0 < 1)(0 < 2)(0 < 3)
General health orientation	< 0.001	0.110	0.998	(0 < 1)(0 < 2)(0 < 3)	< 0.001	0.098	0.994	(0 < 1)(0 < 2)
Weight concern	0.004	0.054	0.885	(0 < 1)(0 < 2)	< 0.001	0.221	1.00	(1 < 0)(2 < 0)(3 < 0)(1 < 3)(2 < 3)

One-way ANOVA of the Motivation of Marathoners Scale’ nine dimensions (MOMS) and ranges of years’ running experience, and type of running events
Post-Hoc with Tukey Post-Hoc analysis. Years’ running: (0) Less than 1 Year, (1) 1–5 Years, (2) 6–10 Years, (3) More than 10 years; Participation in running events: (0) Running for recreation, (1) Running a half marathon, (2) Running a marathon, (3) Running an ultra-marathon

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ISSN: 2052-1847

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