Identification of muscle weakness in older adults from normalized upper and lower limbs strength: a cross-sectional study

Abdalla, Pedro Pugliesi; Bohn, Lucimere; da Silva, Leonardo Santos Lopes; dos Santos, André Pereira; Tasinafo Junior, Marcio Fernando; Venturini, Ana Claudia Rossini; dos Santos Carvalho, Anderson; Gomez, David Martinez; Mota, Jorge; Machado, Dalmo Roberto Lopes

doi:10.1186/s13102-021-00390-1

BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation

Table 3 Adequate cut-off points (AUC ≥ 0.70 simultaneously in both sexes and r ≤ 0.30 with body size) of handgrip strength (HGS), one maximum repetition measurement for knee extensors (1RM) and isokinetic knee extension peak torque at 60°/s (PT) to identify muscle weakness

From: Identification of muscle weakness in older adults from normalized upper and lower limbs strength: a cross-sectional study

Variable	Unit	Men (n = 29)				Women (n = 65)
Variable	Unit	AUC	Cut-off point (≤)	Sens (%)	Spe (%)	AUC	Cut-off point (≤)	Sens (%)	Spe (%)
*HGS (kg)*
/Forearm circumference	(cm)	0.74*	1.33	86	59	0.70*	1.04	84	58
*1RM (kg)*
/Body mass	(kg)	0.77*	0.85	86	68	0.76^†	0.54	68	78
/Forearm circumference	(cm)	0.75*	2.16	86	77	0.70*	1.38	60	75
/Calf circumference		0.74*	1.65	86	77	0.70*	1.06	72	68
/Chest circumference		0.76*	0.64	86	73	0.71*	0.4	72	65
/Waist circumference		0.78*	0.73	100	59	0.72*	0.37	60	80
/Triceps skinfold	(mm)	0.81^†	4.22	86	68	0.70*	1.40	60	75
/Bitrochanteric breadth		0.73*	1.72	86	77	0.70*	1.16	76	60
/Bimalleolar breadth		0.73*	8.77	86	77	0.70*	5.77	76	65
/Elbow breadth		0.73*	9.36	86	73	0.70*	6.57	76	63
/SA	(m²)	0.75*	31.6	86	77	0.72*	21.2	72	68
/MAMC	(cm)	0.77*	2.42	86	73	0.72*	1.54	64	75
/CAMA	(cm²)	0.71*	2.03	100	41	0.73*	0.90	52	93
/FFM_{(Lean et al. [44])}	(kg)	0.76*	1.11	86	77	0.72*	1.00	72	68
/FFM_{(Baumgartner et al. [46])}	(kg)	0.78*	1.13	83	73	0.75^†	0.83	76	64
/Body mass^0.44	(kg)	0.75*	9.04	86	77	0.71*	6.03	76	63
/Body mass^{0,67 (Jaric [56])}		0.78*	3.40	86	77	0.73^†	2.28	76	65
/Body mass^{0.96 (Abdalla et al. [53])}		0.77*	1.00	86	68	0.75^†	0.45	44	100
/Body mass^{0.69 (Abdalla et al. [53])}		0.78*	3.06	86	77	0.73*	1.48	44	98
/Calf circumference^1.10	(cm)	0.75*	1.14	86	77	0.71*	0.70	68	73
/Bimalleolar breadth^1.20	(mm)	0.71*	6.01	86	68	0.70*	3.93	76	65
/(Body mass*height)^0.48	(kg*m)	0.75*	5.83	86	77	0.72*	4.06	76	65
/SA^0.93	(m²)	0.75*	33	86	77	0.72*	22.7	76	65
/FFM^0.88_{(Lean et al. [44])}	(kg)	0.75*	1.77	86	77	0.71*	1.53	76	65
/FFM^0.67_{(Baumgartner et al. [46])}		0.76*	3.94	83	77	0.72*	2.91	76	64
PT *(Nm)*
/Height	(m)	0.93^†	54.1	86	95	0.74^†	44.1	64	75
/Knee height	(cm)	0.94^†	1.83	100	86	0.75^†	1.44	68	73
/SA	(m²)	0.94^†	56.9	100	82	0.81^†	36.3	64	88
/FFM_{(Lean et al. [44])}	(kg)	0.93^†	1.79	86	95	0.81^†	1.84	76	80
/Left leg LST	(g)	0.82^†	0.015	100	55	0.76^†	0.012	68	80
/Right leg LST		0.77*	0.015	100	50	0.78^†	0.013	76	78
/Legs LST		0.81*	0.0063	71	82	0.77^†	0.0065	76	78
/ASM	(kg)	0.81*	4.66	71	86	0.77^†	5.01	76	78
/FFM_{(Baumgartner et al. [46])}		0.93^†	1.63	83	95	0.85^†	1.60	88	77
/FFM_(DXA)		0.84^†	2.08	100	59	0.79^†	1.89	76	75
/Body mass^{0.67 (Davies and Dalsky [28])}	(kg)	0.93^†	5.06	86	95	0.82^†	3.71	68	88
/Body mass^{0.72 (Davies and Dalsky [28])}		0.94^†	4.1	86	95	0.82^†	3.14	72	85
/Body mass^{0.74 (Davies and Dalsky [28])}		0.93^†	3.77	86	95	0.82^†	2.87	72	85
/Body mass^{0.67 (Jaric [56])}		0.93^†	5.06	86	95	0.82^†	3.71	68	88
/Height^3.27	(m)	0.86^†	19.2	100	77	0.74^†	17.4	72	65
/Knee height^1.82	(cm)	0.90^†	0.068	100	86	0.74^†	0.053	64	75
/Half arm span^1.62		0.88^†	0.076	100	73	0.75^†	0.066	84	58
/Biacromial breadth^2.15	(mm)	0.82^†	0.038	86	68	0.77^†	0.03	76	73
/Bimalleolar breadth^1.54		0.81*	5.04	86	73	0.80^†	4.64	92	60
/(Body mass*height)^0.43	(kg*m)	0.94^†	13	100	82	0.80^†	10.5	84	65
/SA^0.83	(m²)	0.94^†	53.8	86	95	0.80^†	50	84	65
/Left leg LST^0.43	(g)	0.92^†	2.26	100	77	0.77^†	1.83	76	70
/Right leg LST^0.48		0.90^†	1.39	100	73	0.78^†	1.16	80	70
/Legs LST^0.47		0.92^†	1.07	100	73	0.77^†	0.87	76	70

Dependent variable (primary outcome): functional limitation (6MWT < 400 m)
AUC area under the curve, p significance, Sens sensibility, Spe specificity, SA human body surface area, MAMC mid-arm muscle circumference, CAMA corrected arm muscle area, FFM Fat-free mass, LST lean soft tissue, ASM appendicular skeletal muscle mass, DXA Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, 6MWT six-minute walk test
*p < 0.05 and ^†p < 0.001 (statistically significant AUC)

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