Table 3 Pentagram of Concussion Hypothesized Anatomical Mechanisms

Fencing response

     First order

Lateral vestibular nucleus

Vestibulospinal fasciculus

Ipsilateral limb extensor (excitatory),

     Second order

N/A

N/A

Ipsilateral limb flexors (inhibitory)

Seizing

     First order

Oral pontine reticular nucleus

Reticulospinal

Proximal muscles, axial muscles

     Second order

N/A

N/A

Seizing

     First order

Pontine tegmentum

Reticulospinal

Proximal muscles, axial muscles

     Second order

N/A

N/A

Snoring

     First order

Nucleus ambiguous

Cranial nerve IX, X

Oropharyngeal musculature

     Second order

N/A

N/A

Vomiting

     First order

Area postrema

Unnamed efferent tracts

Cardiac sphincter, intercostal

     Second order

Vomiting center; nucleus tractus solitarii

Dorsal motor nucleus of X, ventral respiratory nucleus

Motor neurons, abdominal motor neurons

Vomiting

     First order

Dorsal motor nucleus of cranial nerve X

Cranial nerve X

Cardiac sphincter

     Second order

N/A

N/A

Vomiting

     First order

Ventral respiratory nucleus

Reticulospinal, phrenic nerve

Intercostal motor neurons, abdominal 

     Second order

N/A

N/A

Motor neurons

Crying

     First order

Superior salivatory nucleus

Greater petrosal nerve

Lacrimal gland

     Second order

Pterygopalatine ganglion

V1