Table 2 Summary of included studies and associated cardiac injury

Rajpal et al. [6]

(n = 26)

RT-PCR

(11–53) to CMR

Ongoing symptomatic COVID-19

Troponin I, CMR, Echo, TTE, ECG

Asymptomatic: 14 (53.8%)

Mild symptoms: 12 (46.2%)

Myocarditis: 4 (15.4%)

Pericardial effusion: 2 (7.7%)

Brito et al. [9]

(n = 54)

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody and RT-PCR

27 (22–33) to CMR

Post COVID-19

Troponin-I, B-type natriuretic peptide, ESR, CRP

CMR, ECG, Echocardiograph (Echo)

Asymptomatic: 16 (30%)

Mild symptoms: 36 (66%)

Moderate symptoms 2: (4%)

Pericardial effusion: 31 (58%)

Elevated Troponin: 1 (3%)

Erickson et al. [10]

(n = 170)

Not reported

Not reported

Post COVID-19

ECG, Echo*, Volume of oxygen consumption test (VO2) *, Holter ECG *, Troponin *, CMR*, Chest computed tomography (CT) *

Asymptomatic: 22 (12.9%)

Mild symptoms: 116 (68.2%)

Moderate symptoms: 31 (18.2%)

Data missing: 1 (0.5%)

Effusive pericarditis: 2 (1.2%)

Hendrickson et al. [11]

(n = 137)

RT-PCR

16 (12–34) to CMR

Ongoing symptomatic COVID-19

Troponin I, ECG, TTE, CMR

Mild symptoms: 75 (67%)

Moderate symptoms: 37 (33%)

Pericardial effusion: 4 (2.9%)

Elevated Troponin: 4 (2.9%)

Coronary artery ectasia: 2 (1.5%)

Vago et al. [12]

(n = 12)

PCR

17 (17–19) to CMR

Post COVID-19

CRP, N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic protein, conventional cardiac troponin I (cTn), MR

Asymptomatic: 2 (16.7%)

Mild/moderate symptoms: 10 (83.3%)

No CV symptoms

Daniels et al. [13]

(n = 1597)

PCR

22 (10–77) to CMR

15 (11–25) to Echo

Post COVID-19

Troponin level, ECG, Echo, CMR

Not reported

Myocarditis: 37 (2.3%)

Pericardial effusion: 1 (0.06%)

Pericarditis: 1 (0.06%)

Cavigli et al. [14]

(n = 90)

Not reported

Not reported

Post COVID-19

CBC, creatinine, ALT, AST, GGT, CPK, high-sensitivity troponin I, CRP, LDH, protein electrophoresis, D-dimer, ferritin, urine examination

ECG, 24-h ambulatory ECG, Echo, Cardiopulmonary exercise testing, Chest CT, CMR

Asymptomatic: 21 (23.3%)

Mild symptoms: 69 (76.7%)

Myocarditis: 1 (1.1%)

Pericarditis: 2 (2.2%)

Pericardial effusion: 3 (3.3%)

Martinez et al. [15]

(n = 789)

Antibody/ PCR

19 (3–156) to Echo

Post COVID-19

Troponin level, ECG, TTE, CMR, Echo

Asymptomatic\ paucisymptomatic: 329 (41.7%)

Not specified: 460 (58.3%)

Myocarditis: 3 (0.4%)

Pericarditis: 2 (0.3%)

Pericardial effusion: 3 (0.4%)

Małek et al. [16]

(n = 26)

RT-PCR

32 (22–62) to CMR and Echo

Post COVID-19

Complete blood count (CBC), CRP, and troponin T

CMR, ECG

Asymptomatic: 6 (23%)

Mild symptoms: 14 (54%)

Moderate symptoms: 5 (19%)

Severe symptoms: 1 (4%)

Pericardial effusion: 2 (8%)

Myocardial edema: 4 (15.4%)

Non-ischemic late gadolinium enhancement (LGE): 1 (3.8%)

Cavarretta et al. [17] (n = 30)

IgG, IgM, RT-PCR

Not reported

Post COVID-19

Blood test anomalies, Respiratory parameters (spirometry), ECG (resting and stress-test), Echo

Holter ECG, Chest CT

Asymptomatic: 30 (100%)

Not reported

Mascia et al. [18]

(n = 58)

RT-PCR

(27–41) to CMR

Post COVID-19

Architect stat High Sensitive Troponin

CBC, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, (AST), gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT), creatine kinase (CPK), CPK myocardial band (CPK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), international normalized ratio (INR), serum protein electrophoresis, ferritin, interleukin-6, CRP, D-dimer and urine test.

ECG, Echo, Cardiopulmonary exercise test

Holter ECG, CMR

Not reported

Pericardial effusion (3 mm): 1 (1.7%)

Elevated Troponin: 4 (6.9%)

Clark et al. [8]

(n = 59)

Not reported

21.5 (13–37) to CMR

Post COVID-19

Troponin I, ECG, Echo with strain, Contrasted CMR

Asymptomatic: 13 (22%)

Mild symptoms: 46 (78%)

Myocarditis: 2 (3.4%)

Pericarditis: 1 (1.7%)

Moulson et al. [19]

(n = 3018)

Laboratory testing (PCR, antigen, or antibody)

33 (18–63) to CMR

Post COVID-19

ECG, Cardiac troponin assay, TTE, CMR

Asymptomatic: 887 (33%)

Mild symptoms: 789 (29%)

Moderate symptoms: 663 (25%)

Cardiopulmonary: 337 (13%)

Elevated troponin: 24 (0.9%)

Pericardial effusion: 6 (0.27%)

Gervasi et al. [20]

(n = 18)

IgG, IgM, RT-PCR

15 to Echo

Post COVID-19

Complete blood count, ALT /AST, GGT, LDH, CPK, CRP, D-dimer, high-sensitivity troponin I (TnI), interleukin (IL)-6, PT, PTT, INR and creatinine

Spirometry, ECG, Echo, Holter ECG, Chest CT, CMR

Asymptomatic: 6 (33.3%)

Mild symptoms: 12 (66.7%)

No CV complications

Starekova et al. [21]

(n = 145)

Reverse transcriptase –polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)

15 (11–194) to CMR

Post COVID-19

Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)

Troponin-I, B-type natriuretic peptide, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP)

Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE)

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Asymptomatic: 24 (16.6%)

Mild symptoms: 71 (49.0%)

Moderate symptoms: 40 (27.6%)

Severe symptoms: 7 (4.8%)

not documented: 3 (2.1%)

Myocarditis: 2 (1.4%)

Elevated Troponin: 4 (2.8%)