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Table 2 PRE and POST values of centre of pressure parameters [median (IQR)] at each instant (8 a.m., 11 a.m., 2 p.m. and 5 p.m.) in both groups (ME and AE)

From: Does the time of day differently impact the effects of an exercise program on postural control in older subjects? A pilot study

Assessment time

COP parameters

Group

PRE

POST

ΔPre-Post

8 a.m.

Area (mm2)

ME

549.3 (572.5)

520.5 (357.0)

+ 43.6 (43.2) %

  

AE

544.3 (182.7)

336.2 (208.4)*

− 40.5 (35.2) %

 

Mean velocity ML (mm s−1)

ME

13.0 (10.9)

11.8 (8.1)

+ 21.4 (24.1) %

  

AE

13.3 (3.1)

13.2 (2.5)*

− 3.6 (5.5) %

 

Mean velocity AP (mm s−1)

ME

12.9 (16.7)

17.9 (12.9)

+ 32.3 (30.6) %

  

AE

15.5 (8.7)

20.6 (15.6)

+ 20.9 (32.8) %

11 a.m.

Area (mm2)

ME

861.0 (1411.6)

465.3 (592.5)

− 49.7 (37.7) %

  

AE

484.5 (248.0)

449.2 (360.7)

− 19.2 (26.3) %

 

Mean velocity ML (mm s−1)

ME

12.8 (16.2)

10.0 (4.7)

− 20.2 (33.6) %

  

AE

12.6 (5.1)

11.0 (3.4)

− 4.6 (49.8) %

 

Mean velocity AP (mm s−1)

ME

12.9 (21.7)

17.3 (12.9)

+ 17.9 (74.4) %

  

AE

18.4 (5.7)

18.3 (10.0)

+ 5.8 (15.3) %

2 p.m.

Area (mm2)

ME

675.4 (1136.1)

632.1 (1215.4)

+ 50.5 (54.4) %

  

AE

558.66 (329.4)

344.9 (90.6)

− 22.3 (52.3) %

 

Mean velocity ML (mm s−1)

ME

11.2 (9.2)

13.8 (13.9)

+ 39.7 (27.2) %

  

AE

13.0 (3.1)

11.4 (2.5)

− 5.7 (19.1) %

 

Mean velocity AP (mm s−1)

ME

15.7 (18.0)

17.1 (15.1)

+ 12.2 (27.5) %

  

AE

19.4 (12.6)

19.9 (15.2)

− 3.9 (4.4) %

5 p.m.

Area (mm2)

ME

762.0 (689.3)

524.8 (380.3)

− 31.9 (7.2) %

  

AE

514.8 (235.2)

575.2 (644.6)

− 0.8 (80.2) %

 

Mean velocity ML (mm s−1)

ME

14.4 (7.0)

13.1 (9.1)

− 3.3 (11.8) %

  

AE

12.3 (4.0)

13.9 (4.6)

− 0.1 (36.8) %

 

Mean velocity AP (mm s−1)

ME

16.1 (16.2)

18.8 (13.1)

+ 16.0 (17.6) %

  

AE

22.9 (13.3)

23.9 (14.1)

+ 12.1 (53.7) %

  1. ME = morning exercise group; AE = afternoon exercise group; PRE = pre-exercise intervention values; POST = post-exercise intervention values. ΔPre-Post: relative difference between PRE and POST measurements [ΔPre-Post = 100 * (POST − PRE) ÷ PRE]; negative and positive values characterize participants who benefit from the PA program—or not—to improve postural control
  2. *Illustrates a significant difference between PRE and POST values
  3. Illustrates a significant between-groups difference (P < 0.05)