A preliminary study on the feasibility of community game-based respiratory muscle training for individuals with high cervical spinal cord injury levels: a novel approach

Table 3 Summary of training effects for respiratory function test variables obtained before and after intervention

Variables	Before intervention, mean ± SD	After intervention, mean ± SD	% Change (95% CI)	T	p	Effect size (Cohen’s d)
FVC (L)	2.26 ± 1.09	2.50 ± 1.14*	10.62 (− 0.45, − 0.04)	− 2.65	0.027	0.22^#
FEV₁ (L)	1.96 ± 0.91	2.11 ± 0.92	7.65 (− 0.29, − 0.00)	− 2.25	0.051	0.16
PEF (L/sec)	4.48 ± 2.08	5.52 ± 2.54**	23.21 (− 1.69, − 0.38)	− 3.58	0.006	0.45^#
VC (L)	1.83 ± 0.93	2.48 ± 1.21**	35.52 (− 0.99, − 0.31)	− 4.33	0.002	0.60^##
IC (L)	1.47 ± 0.68	2.16 ± 0.98**	46.94 (− 0.99, − 0.37)	− 5.00	0.001	0.81^###
IRV (L)	0.95 ± 0.47	1.81 ± 0.88**	90.53 (− 1.24, − 0.47)	− 4.98	0.001	1.22^###
ERV (L)	0.39 ± 0.37	0.37 ± 0.40	− 5.13 (− 0.24, 0.27)	0.15	0.884	0.05
MIP (cmH₂O)	29.10 ± 16.97	57.40 ± 25.03**	97.25 (− 42.82, − 13.78)	− 4.41	0.002	1.32^###
MEP (cmH₂O)	21.40 ± 21.87	51.60 ± 33.49**	141.12 (− 48.81, − 11.59)	− 3.67	0.005	1.07^###
PCF (L/min)	194.10 ± 82.24	263.20 ± 104.40**	35.60 (− 103.10, − 35.10)	− 4.60	0.001	0.74^##

Values are presented as means ± standard deviations. The p value was derived from a paired t-test of the results before and after the intervention
CI, confidence interval; FVC, forced vital capacity; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in one second; PEF, peak expiratory flow; VC, vital capacity; IC, inspiratory capacity; IRV, inspiratory reserve volume; ERV, expiratory reserve volume; MIP, maximum inspiratory pressure; MEP, maximum expiratory pressure; PCF, peak cough flow; MBorg, Modified Borg scale; SD, standard deviation
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01
^#Small, ^##Moderate, ^###Large

ISSN: 2052-1847