Table 5 Methodological details and main findings of studies examining the influence of hip and knee joint angle on hamstrings torque (hip neutral position = 0°, knee. full extension = 0°). * Angle of peak torque is based on visual inspection or no statistical comparison between angles is mentioned. Empty cells indicate that information was not provided

Knee angle effects on knee flexion torque

Knee angle

Murray et al. [198]

48 M

Seated

30, 45, 60

ISOM

30, 45 > 60

Nikose et al. [199]

50 with ACL reconstruction surgery

0 (Prone)

0, 30, 45, 90, 105

ISOM

30

Ullrich et al. [200]

32 (23 M, 9F) athletes

0 (Prone)

30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90

ISOM

29.2

Balle et al. [222]

20 M

90

90, 70, 50, 30

ISOM

70

Alonso et al. [223]

20 (10F, 10 M)

40

89, 76, 63, 50, 37

ISOM

63

Nomura et al. [201]

24 (10 M, 10F)

0

30, 45, 60, 90, 105

ISOM

30*

Nara et al. [202]

28 m

85

30, 60, 90

ISOM

30 > 60 > 90

Onishi et al. [128]

10 M

0 (Prone)

60, 90

ISOM

15–30

Kellis and Katis [150]

9 M

90 (Seated)

0, 45, 90

ISOM

0 > 45,90

Kumazaki et al. [79]

10 F-M

0 (prone)

0, 30, 60, 90

ISOM

0 > 30,60,90

Kirk and Rice [149]

11 M

0 (prone)

20, 90

ISOM

20 > 90

Marchetti et al. [152]

15 M resistance trained

15

0, 90

ISOM

0 > 90

Beyer et al. [154]

20 M

0

90, 75, 60, 45, 30, 15

ISOM

30

Chapman et al. [92]

10 M

0–10 (prone)

30, 60

ISOM

NS

Kawama et al. [155]

16 M

0 (prone)

30, 60, 90

ISOM

30 > 60,90

Onishi et al. [128]

10 M

0 (prone)

0–90

CON30

15–30

Read et al. [203]

27 M soccer players

90

CON60

31 ± 8

Mikami et al. [204]

30 M

-

ECC60, 300

ECC60: 10–30

ECC300: 20–30

Moltubakk et al. [205]

22F elite rhythmic gymnasts

16 F other sports

90

0–90

CON60

40 ± 13 (gymnasts)

57 ± 20 (others)

Ogborn et al. [206]

18F, 14 M

0

90

5–95

CON90

39.4 ± 9.7

31.6 ± 7.4

Brughelli et al. [207]

18 M cyclists, Austrialian rules football players (AFP)

90

0–110

CON60

26.2 ± 2.9 (Cyclists)

32.3 ± 3.8 (AFP)

Brockett et al. [208]

10 (8 M, 2 F)

90

0–90

CON60

38

Brockett et al. [209]

23 M- Injured

18 M athletes, non-injured athletes

90

0–110

CON60

30.1 ± 1.5 (Uninjured)

40.9 ± 2.7 (Injured)

Brughelli et al. [210]

24 M soccer players

90

0–110

CON60

30.4 ± 2.7 to 32.2 ± 3.6

Maciel et al. [211]

189 M soccer players

N/A

5–95

CON60, 240

31.28 ± 8.67 to 37.92 ± 10.23

Kannus [212]

21 (9 M, 12F) with injuries

Seated

0–90

CON60, 180

CON 60:38 ± 8.6

CON180: 40.5 ± 7.0

Kannus and Beynnon [213]

249 (106F–143 M)

100

0–90

CON60

33 ± 8.0 (M)

37 ± 10.0 (F)

Kannus and Beynnon [213]

249 (106F–143 M)

100

0–90

CON180

40 ± 10.0 (M)

44 ± 11.0 (F)

Baumgart et al. [214]

2-(10F-10 M) athletes

10,90

10–90

CON60

H90 > 10

H10: 38.1 ± 13.2

H90: 26.9 ± 8.9

Worrell et al. [130]

50 (25F, 25 M)

0 (prone)

0, 30, 60, 90

ISOM

0,30 > 60,90

Baumgart et al. [214]

2-(10F-10 M) athletes

10,90

10–90

CON180

H10: 68.5 ± 6.9

H90: 61.2 ± 11.5

Pieters et al. [192]

116 M football players

Seated

0–100

CON60, 240

30 *

Sole et al. [24]

15

Seated

0–90

CON60, ECC60

CON60: 85–26 > 25–5

ECC60: 5–45 > 46–85

Sousa et al. [215]

30 M basketball players

85

0–90

CON60, ECC60

CON60:30–60

ECC60: 55

Cohen et al. [216]

9 M soccer players

Seated

CON120, ECC120

CON120 = 30

ECC120 = 10

Kellis and Baltzopoulos [153]

12F

Seated

0–90

CON30, 60, 90, 120, 150

ECC30, 60, 90, 120, 150

30–40

Correia et al. [224]

12 M football players

85

0–90

CON60

CON180

ECC60

ECC180

23.4 ± 8.1

36.3 ± 12.4

18.1 ± 13.2

19.4 ± 10.8

Çınar-Medeni et al. [217]

27 M

90

30–90

CON, ECC60

40

Çınar-Medeni et al. [217]

27 M

90

30–90

ECC60

44

Huang et al. [225]

46 M

85

20–90

CON60, ECC60

CON60:40–60

ECC60: 50–70

Delextrat et al. [218]

25F hockey players

90

0–90

ECC120

10–40*

Eustace et al. [219]

34 M soccer players

90

-

ECC60, 180, 270

40 > 70*

Nishida et al. [220]

6 M

0

0–90

ECC60

24.1 ± 10

Page and Greig [221]

13 M soccer players

90

ECC60,300

ECC60: 32 ± 9

ECC300:46 ± 14

Baumgart et al. [214]

2-(10F-10 M) athletes

10,90

10–90

ECC60

HA10:36.1 ± 15.2

HA90: 32.4 ± 16.0

Higashihara et al. [158]

10 M

0 (Prone)

90–0

ECC (4 speeds)

15–30

Hip angle effects on knee flexion torque

Hip angle

Mohamed et al. [127]

19F

0, 90

90, 45, 0

ISOM

90 > 0

Guex et al. [144]

10 (5 M-5F) sprinters

0,30,60,90

45

ISOM

90 > 60, 30, 0

Lunnen et al. [143]

16 (12F-4 M) PE students

0 (supine), 45,90,135

60

ISOM

135 > 90,45,0

Ogborn et al. [194]

44 (22F, 22 M)

0 (Supine), 90

90

ISOM

90 > 0

Bohannon et al. [197]

19 (10F-9 M)

0,90, 120

90

ISOM

120 > 90 > 0

Bohannon et al. [196]

12 Hemiparetic patients

0,95

90

ISOM

95 > 0

Kellis et al. [145]

20 (10F-10 M)

0, 45, 90

0–90

CON60, 120, 150

90, 45 > 0

Guex et al. [144]

10 (5 M-5F) sprinters

0, 30, 60, 90

0–90

CON – ECC 60–150

90 > 0

Black et al. [148]

24 (12F, 12 M)

10 (Supine), 80

N/A

CON30

80 > 0

Findley et al. [226]

10 (6F, 4 M)

0 (Prone), 110

0–90

CON60, 120, 180, 240, 360

NS

Bohannon et al. [195]

14F

30,95

0–90

CON60

95 > 35

Hopkins et al. [193]

14 (7F, 7 M)

10, 110

N/A

CON60, 180

110 > 10

Hip effects on hip extension torque

Hip Angle

Cahalan et al. [188]

72 (37F, 35 M)

45, 90

90

ISOM

90 > 45

Worrell et al. [130]

50 (25F, 25 M)

0, 30, 60, 90

90

ISOM

90 > 60, 30, 0

Kindel and Challis [189]

21 (11F, 10 M)

45, 30, 15, 0 (Prone)

0,90

ISOM

45 > 30, 15, 0

30 > 15, 0

Goodwin and Bull [227]

10 M

0, 20, 30, 40, 50 (supine)

Angle changed in each position

ISOM (Hip Thrust)

NS

Bertoli et al. [228]

17F

15, 60, 90, 100

Flexed

ISOM

100 > 90 > 60, 15

60 > 15

Kindel and Challis [190]

18 (16F, 2 M)

45, 30, 15, 0 (Prone)

0, 90

ISOM

45 > 30, 15, 0

30 > 15, 0

Bazett-Jones et al. [191]

29F

0, 30, 90 (Prone)

90

ISOM

90 > 30 > 15

Pieters et al. [192]

116 M football players

0–90 (supine)

0

CON60, 240

60*

Knee angle effects on hip extension torque

Knee angle

Kindel and Challis [190]

18 (16F, 2 M)

45, 30, 15, 0 (Prone)

0, 90

ISOM

0 > 45

Kindel and Challis [189]

21 (11F, 10 M)

45, 30, 15, 0 (Prone)

0, 90

ISOM

0 > 45

Kwon and Lee [137]

20 M & F

0 (Prone)

0, 30, 60, 90, 110

ISOM

0 > 90, 60, 30, 0