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Table 2 Participants physical fitness pre- and post-intervention (N = 12)

From: Effects of two exercise programs on health-related fitness, quality of life and exercise enjoyment in adults with visual impairment: a randomized crossover trial

 

Sports

Functional training

p-value

Time

p-value

Group

 

p-value

Time x group

Baseline

Post-intervention

Baseline

Post-intervention

  

Cohen d**

 

Physical fitness

        

Handgrip strength (kg)

33.2 (9.8)

33.5 (10.1)

34.0 (10.7)

34.7 (10.5)

0.449

0.781

0.12

0.860

Flexibility (cm)

24.4 (13.7)

22.3 (12.5)*

23.8 (13.5)

23.3 (12.3)

0.142

< 0.001

0.08

< 0.001

Abdominal muscular endurance (rep in 1 min)

15.2 (13.0)

20.0 (15.1)*

20.2 (13.0)

22.1 (13.1)

< 0.001

0.001

0.15

< 0.001

Distance covered in 6-min walk/run test (m)

563.3 (167.5)

638.3 (153.6)*

605.4 (154.6)

636.3 (152.2)*

< 0.001

0.533

0.02

0.018

Quality of life domain

        

Physical

26.0 (4.9)

26.6 (4.4)

26.0 (4.9)

28.0 (4.2)*

0.633

0.002

0.33

0.226

Psychologic

23.2 (3.5)

24.6 (3.0)

24.5 (3.2)

24.6 (3.9)

0.025

0.369

0.00

0.159

Social relationships

12.2 (2.7)

12.5 (2.5)

12.3 (3.0)

12.5 (2.6)

0.802

0.698

0.00

0.723

Environmental

28.0 (5.1)

30.1(5.1)*

31.0 (5.9)

30.7 (6.0)*

0.147

0.048

0.11

0.107

Self-perception of health

4.1 (0.9)

4.1 (0.8)

4.1 (0.8)

4.1 (0.8)

    

Satisfaction with health

3.6 (1.2)

3.8 (1.0)

3.6 (1.3)

3.8 (1.1)

    

Total score

97.1 (15.5)

101.6 (10.6)

101.5 (17.0)

103.7 (15.2)

0.744

0.025

0.16

0.402

  1. *P < 0.05 compared to baseline. **between groups post-intervention