Long-term aerobic and combined exercises enhance the satiety response and modulate the energy intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): A randomized controlled trial

Table 3 Comparison of mean differences of hunger and satiety between baseline, 3 and 6 months at selected time points in relation to a standard meal

Time	^#Mean differences (Δ) ± SD between 0 and 3 months			p value			^¥Mean differences (Δ) ± SD between 0 and 6 months			p value
	Aerobic (AE) (n = 36)	Combined (COM) (n = 34)	Control (CON) (n = 36)	AE vs CON	COM vs CON	AE vs COM	Aerobic (AE) (n = 36)	Combined (COM) (n = 34)	Control (CON) (n = 33)	AE vs CON	COM vs CON	AE vs COM
Difference in hunger levels
− 30 min	− 22.94 ± 3.80	− 15.85 ± 3.19	+ 2.10 ± 2.16	0.001*	0.018*	0.533	− 25.63 ± 5.31	− 28.73 ± 4.05	+ 3.63 ± 1.39	0.001*	0.001*	0.902
+ 30 min	− 12.63 ± 3.32	− 7.26 ± 9.35	− 2.71 ± 2.20	0.050*	0.556	0.455	− 14.29 ± 9.32	− 18.79 ± 8.36	+ 4.19 ± 1.07	0.001*	0.001*	0.527
+ 60 min	+ 4.51 ± 2.30	− 1.71 ± 2.34	+ 2.30 ± 1.17	0.939	0.761	0.929	+ 4.51 ± 2.13	− 1.83 ± 1.04	− 0.44 ± 1.85	0.061	0.944	0.133
Difference in satiety levels
− 30 min	+ 18.00 ± 6.94	+ 15.91 ± 5.93	− 0.72 ± 1.74	0.025*	0.050*	0.956	+ 8.83 ± 3.09	+ 11.15 ± 3.77	− 4.51 ± 2.86	0.012*	0.049*	0.934
+ 30 min	+ 9.11 ± 2.75	+ 10.81 ± 3.53	+ 1.41 ± 2.04	0.383	0.023*	0.957	+ 3.36 ± 1.63	+ 12.14 ± 2.21	− 5.65 ± 2.14	0.409	0.050*	0.522
+ 60 min	− 2.53 ± 1.67	+ 17.71 ± 3.57	− 2.64 ± 1.42	0.998	0.006*	0.008*	− 12.24 ± 2.33	+ 7.52 ± 1.56	− 8.5 ± 6.22	0.776	0.014*	0.002*

ISSN: 2052-1847