Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants at baseline

Demographic variables

 Age (y)

58.1 ± 6.27

58.1 ± 6.27

57.3 ± 6.39

57.3 ± 6.39

Body composition

 Height (cm)

173.2 ± 3.39

173.2 ± 3.39

173.6 ± 3.67

173.6 ± 3.67

0.34

 Weight (kg)

86.0 ± 6.29

87.2 ± 6.46

85.4 ± 8.31

82.7 ± 8.64

< 0.001

 BMI (kg/m²)

28.6 ± 1.09

28.9 ± 1.09

28.3 ± 1.81

27.4 ± 1.94

< 0.001

Cardiorespiratory fitness

 VO₂ peak (mL/kg/min)

31.7 ± 0.68

30.7 ± 0.51

31.5 ± 0.60

32.8 ± 0.59

< 0.001

 Peak Exercise Capacity (Met)

4.6 ± 0.34

4.3 ± 0.32

4.5 ± 0.41

5.5 ± 0.58

< 0.001

Physiological Variables

 Brachial SBP (mm Hg)

126.6 ± 2.73

127.4 ± 2.08

127.3 ± 2.35

126.3 ± 2.55

< 0.001

 Brachial DBP (mm Hg)

83.0 ± 2.12

83.6 ± 2.08

82.7 ± 2.64

82.2 ± 2.55

< 0.001

 Resting HR (bpm)

83.5 ± 2.70

84.4 ± 2.24

82.7 ± 3.55

80.6 ± 3.67

< 0.001