Towards functionally individualised designed footwear recommendation for overuse injury prevention: a scoping review

Table 1 Summary of the running-related biomechanical risk factors (BRFs) and their level of evidence for the most common overuse injuries [10]. Arrows pointing upwards (downwards) indicate an increase (decrease) in the magnitude of the respective BRF associated with a specific overuse injury. Biomechanical risk factors in bold were identified in prospective studies; at least two independent retrospective studies identified unbolded BRFs. The supplementary information provides a detailed description of the BRFs (SI4)

	Level of Evidence	Achilles tendinopathy	Tibial stress fractures	Plantar fasciitis	Iliotibial band syndrome	Patello femoral pain syndrome	Medial tibial stress syndrome
Biomechanical related risk factor	Moderate			↑ Vertical instantaenous loading rate		↓ Ground reaction force braking impulse	↑ Time spent in rearfoot eversion
	Moderate			↑ Vertical averange loading rate		↑ Ground contact time	↑ Contralateral pelvic drop
	Limited	↓ Anterior–posterior displacement of the center of pressure	↑ Peak rearfoot eversion angle			↑ Knee abduction angular impulse
		↑ Vertical forces at the lateral foot	↑ Peak hip adduction angle			↓ Time to peak force at medial and lateral heel
		↓ Time to peak force at the medial heel	↑ Peak free moment amplitude			↑ Peak vertical force at lateral heel, metatarsal 2 and 3
		↑ Rearfoot inversion angle at initial contact
	Very Limited				↑ Iliotibial band strain	↑ Averange hip abduction moment
					↑ Iliotibial band strain rate
					↑ Peak femur external rotation angle
	Inconsistent	↑ Rearfoot eversion range of motion			↑ Peak knee internal rotation angle	↑ Peak hip adduction angle	↑ Peak rearfoot eversion angle
					↑ Peak knee adduction angle	↑ Peak hip abduction moment
					↑ Knee flexion angle at initial contact	↑ Peak hip internal rotation angle
						↑ Contralateral pelvic drop
	Conflicting				↑↓ Peak hip adduction angle

ISSN: 2052-1847