Effect of exercise on functional capacity and body weight for people with hypertension, type 2 diabetes, or cardiovascular disease: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis

Table 3 Summary of Findings

Adding exercise to usual care for functional capacity and body weight for people with hypertension, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases
Patient or population: People with hypertension, type 2 diabetes, or cardiovascular disease Intervention: exercise Comparison: usual care
Outcomes	No of people (studies) Follow-up	Certainty of the evidence (GRADE)	Anticipated absolute effects*
Outcomes	No of people (studies) Follow-up	Certainty of the evidence (GRADE)	Risk with usual care	Risk difference with exercise
Maximal Oxygen Uptake (VO2max) assessed with ml/kg/min follow-up: median 3 months	11075 (251 RCTs)	⨁◯◯◯ Very low^ab	The mean VO2 max was 20.78 ml/kg/min	MD 2.72 ml/kg/min higher (2.38 higher to 3.06 higher)
6 min walk test (6MWT) assessed with m follow-up: median 3 months	6301 (117 RCTs)	⨁◯◯◯ Very low^ab	The mean 6MWT was 371.52 m	MD 42.5m higher (34.95 higher to 50.06 higher)
10 meter walk test (10MWT) assessed with m/s follow-up: median 3 months	2646 (39 RCTs)	⨁◯◯◯ Very low^abc	The mean 10MWT was 0.29 m/s	MD 0.064 m/s higher (0.026 higher to 0.103 higher)
Body weight assessed with kg follow-up: median 3 months	7535 (169 RCTs)	⨁◯◯◯ Very low^ab	The mean body weight was 77.62 kg	MD 1.42 kg fewer (1.91 fewer to 0.92 more)

*The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI confidence interval, MD mean difference, m meter, ml/kg/min, milliliter/kilogram/minute, m/s meter/second, kg: kilogram
GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High certainty: we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect. Moderate certainty: we are moderately confident in the effect estimate: the true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different. Low certainty: our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: the true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect. Very low certainty: we have very little confidence in the effect estimate: the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect
a. Downgraded one for risk of bias, as most of the domains were unclear in risk of bias assessment
b. Downgraded two for inconsistency, as test for heterogeneity (I²) was substantial (>90%)
c. Downgraded one for imprecision, as trial sequential analysis reported there was not enough information to confirm the effect of exercise

ISSN: 2052-1847