Table 3 Serum factors, muscle mass and strength, and functional tests results

Weight (Kg)

Pre:

63.98 ± 5.84

69.70 ± 2.35

P = 0.151

P = 0.440

Post:

63.95 ± 6.68

70.03 ± 2.80

Eta-squared = 0.311

Eta-squared = 0.102

P = 0.996

P = 0.666

BMI (Kg/m2)

Pre:

23.20 ± 2.80

23.45 ± 0.90

P = 0.292

P = 0.439

Post:

23.38 ± 2.91

24.57 ± 0.98

Eta-squared = 0.137

Eta-squared = 0.077

P = 0.921

P = 0.837

Myostatin (ng/L)

Pre:

57.40 ± 9.55

67.31 ± 11.46

P = 0.002

P = 0.002

Post:

57.36 ± 10.31

60.26 ± 6.92

Eta-squared = 0.307

Eta-squared = 0.303

P = 0.983

P < 0.001

Follistatin (ng/ml)

Pre:

5.43 ± 1.28

5.70 ± 1.29

P = 0.004

P = 0.001

Post:

5.38 ± 1.06

6.24 ± 1.33

Eta-squared = 0.272

Eta-squared = 0.356

P = 0.689

P < 0.001

GDF15 (ng/L)

Pre:

290.34 ± 36.38

340.12 ± 66.92

P < 0.001

P = 0.049

Post:

300.21 ± 39.91

365.68 ± 75.04

Eta-squared = 0.381

Eta-squared = 0.141

P = 0.035

P = 0.001

CAF(pmol/L)

Pre:

2.66 ± 0.52

3.57 ± 0.84

P = 0.003

P = 0.031

Post:

2.74 ± 0.46

4.06 ± 0.96

Eta-squared = 0.289

Eta-squared = 0.168

P = 0.540

P = 0.001

HGS (Kg)

Pre:

27.25 ± 1.5

31.75 ± 0.5

P = 0.134

P = 0.035

Post:

26.25 ± 0.96

36.25 ± 3.86

Eta-squared = 0.333

Eta-squared = 0.553

P = 0.308

P = 0.093

Chiar test [29]

Pre:

10.53 ± 2.19

9.57 ± 1.60

P = 0.163

P = 0.016

Post:

10.81 ± 2.00

8.78 ± 1.74

Eta-squared = 0.297

Eta-squared = 0.645

P = 0.135

P = 0.074

TUG [29])

Pre:

8.35 ± 1.04

8.44 ± 0.47

P = 0.019

P = 0.016

Post:

8.40 ± 0.93

6.22 ± 1.38

Eta-squared = 0.627

Eta-squared = 0.647

P = 0.651

P = 0.047

Gait speed [29]

Pre:

2.45 ± 0.45

1.80 ± 0.14

P = 0.072

P = 0.037

Post:

2.47 ± 0.46

1.54 ± 0.13

Eta-squared:0.442

Eta-squared = 0.545

P = 0.558

P = 0.079

SMM/h2(Kg/m2)

Pre:

8.58 ± 0.54

8.72 ± 0.55

P = 0.336

P = 0.621

Post:

8.57 ± 0.52

8.67 ± 0.46

Eta-squared:0.154

Eta-squared = 0.043

P = 0.963

P = 0.885

ASMM/h2(Kg/m2)

Pre:

6.27 ± 0.50

6.46 ± 0.42

P = 0.446

P = 0.527

Post:

6.21 ± 0.48

6.46 ± 0.37

Eta-squared:0.100

Eta-squared = 0.070

P = 0.200

P = 0.941

Body fat(%)

Pre:

24.40 ± 5.12

21.28 ± 3.88

P = 0.423

P = 0.433

Post:

24.87 ± 5.54

22.43 ± 3.67

Eta-squared:0.110

Eta-squared = 0.105

P = 0.911

P = 0.245