Table 2 Differences in mental skills, mindfulness state, and interoceptive awareness scales between university students of physical education (USPA) and elite athletes of speed skating (EASS)
Variable | Scales | USPA (n = 102) | EASS (n = 54) | U | p | BRC | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | |||||
Mental skills | Flow state | 21.75 | 3.56 | 20.82 | 4.25 | 3067.0 | 0.242 | 0.114 |
Attention | 21.74 | 3.97 | 22.76 | 3.78 | 2268.5 | 0.070 | -0.176 | |
Technique | 17.04 | 3.40 | 16.94 | 3.67 | 2753.5 | 1.000 | -22.16 | |
Sensitivity to error | 21.44 | 3.38 | 21.63 | 3.06 | 2597.0 | 0.558 | -0.057 | |
Commitment | 24.43 | 3.92 | 26.43 | 3.04 | 1826.5 | < 0.001 | -0.337 | |
Achievement | 20.47 | 4.22 | 20.30 | 4.51 | 2708.5 | 0.866 | -0.017 | |
Total sport success | 126.86 | 17.80 | 128.87 | 15.20 | 2592.5 | 0.549 | -0.059 | |
State mindfulness | Mind mindfulness | 21.81 | 3.82 | 16.70 | 4.22 | 4629.0 | < 0.001 | 0.681 |
Body mindfulness | 22.97 | 4.77 | 15.94 | 4.77 | 4736.5 | < 0.001 | 0.720 | |
Interoceptive awareness | Noticing | 3.23 | 0.90 | 3.51 | 0.92 | 2327.5 | 0.111 | -0.155 |
Not distracting | 1.95 | 0.65 | 1.79 | 0.76 | 3098.0 | 0.199 | 0.125 | |
Not worrying | 2.45 | 0.72 | 2.56 | 1.10 | 2631.0 | 0.647 | -0.045 | |
Attention regulation | 3.21 | 0.70 | 3.28 | 0.92 | 2561.0 | 0.472 | -0.070 | |
Emotional awareness | 3.45 | 0.81 | 3.63 | 1.07 | 2359.0 | 0.140 | -0.143 | |
Self regulation | 2.99 | 0.86 | 2.67 | 1.07 | 3203.5 | 0.093 | 0.163 | |
Body listening | 3.09 | 0.87 | 2.91 | 1.17 | 3000.5 | 0.356 | 0.090 | |
Trusting | 3.55 | 0.94 | 3.64 | 1.00 | 2536.0 | 0.413 | -0.079 | |