From: Sex differences in the physiological responses to cardiac rehabilitation: a systematic review
Study ID | Population description | Total number of participants in relevant cohort | Type of CR | Length of CR | Completion and/or Adherence (sex presented separately where available) | Quality Assessment (out of 12) | Statistics for relevant comparisons | Â | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adams 1999 [102] | Patients with CABG, MI, PTCA, cardiomyopathy, and stable angina | n = 61 (46 men, 15 women) | HIIT & Aerobic | 8 Weeks | CR Completion 100% | 11 | ANOVA |  | |
Ades 1992 [27] | All patients (hospitalized from AMI or CABG) interviewed were candidates for participation in cardiac rehabilitation | n = 57 (39 men, 18 women) | Aerobic | 12 Weeks | CR Completion 95% 37/39 men, 94% 17/18 women | 11 | t-test |  | |
Anjo 2014 [53] | Patients with CAD who attended a cardiac rehab program after an ACS or elective PCI | n = 386 (301 men, 85 women) | Aerobic and Strength | 8–12 Weeks | > 80% sessions attended | 11 | t-test |  | |
Antunes-Correa 2010 [28] | Patients with clinically stable HF, aged between 40 to 70 years, in NYHA functional class II to III and with an ejection fraction < 40% | n = 21 (12 men, 9 women) | Aerobic and Strength | 16 Weeks | 85–100% of sessions attended. | 12 | ANOVA |  | |
Araya-Ramirez 2021 [64] | Cardiac patients enrolled in a university-based CR program | n = 311 (237 men, 74 women) | Aerobic | 12 Weeks | 92% adherence for men and women | 12 | ANCOVA |  | |
Balady 1996 [54] | Patients experiencing MI, CABG, or PTCA within 6 months of program | n = 778 (558 men, 220 women) | Aerobic with Strength at some centers. | 10 ± 2 weeks | CR completion: 33% 182/558 men, 28% 61/220 women; 83% adherence rate for men and women | 12 | t-test |  | |
Baranyi 2022 [103] | Patients with acute MI | n = 56 (45 men, 11 women) | Not described | 4 weeks | CR completion: 100% | 10 | ANCOVA |  | |
Bellet 2015 [65] | Patients with a diagnosis of MI, angina, controlled arrhythmia, CAD or PCI, CABG, or experienced cardiac valve surgery, defibrillator, or pacemaker implantation. Patients were divided into a fast-track CR or a traditional CR program | n = 197 (130 men, 67 women) Fast Track CR, n = 423 (332 men, 91 women) Traditional CR | Aerobic and Strength | 6 Weeks | CR completion: 58% 115/197 fast track CR patients and 60% 254/423 traditional CR patients. | 11 | ANOVA |  | |
Braga 2021 [96] | Patients were diagnosed with ACS | n = 731 (633 men, 98 women) | Aerobic and Strength | Up to 12 Weeks | > 50% sessions attended | 10 | t-test |  | |
Branco 2016 [55] | Patients diagnosed with CAD who have been referred to CR | n = 1399 (1068 men, 331 women) | Aerobic and Strength | 8–12 Weeks | CR completion: 83% 886/1068 men, 72% 238/331 women | 12 | t-test |  | |
Brawner 2022 [61] | Patients were attending CR for CABG, MI, PCI, valve replacement, heart failure | n = 4455 (2829 male, 1626 female) | Aerobic | ≤ 18 weeks | 9–36 visits 1–3 days/week | 11 | ANOVA |  | |
Brochu 2000 [29] | Patients with AMI, CABG, unstable angina, and CHF | n = 82 (59 men, 23 women) | Aerobic and Strength | 12 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 12 | ANOVA |  | |
Calvo-Lopez 2023 [62] | Patients with acute MI in last 3 months | n = 50 (42 men, 8 women) | Home-based (Aerobic and Strength) | 8 Weeks | CR completion: 100% Adherence was 82.9% men, 95.6% women | 11 | t-test between deltas |  | |
Caminiti 2022 [104] | Patients with CAD | n = 55 (35 men, 20women) | Aerobic and Strength | 12 Weeks | CR completion: 95% Adherence was 89.4% men and 86.1% women | 12 | ANOVA |  | |
Candelaria 2020 [66] | Patients were eligible if they were attending CR for CAD, arrhythmia, heart failure and implantable devices | n = 849 (604 men, 245 women) | Aerobic and Strength | 6–12 Weeks | CR completion: 71% 426/604 men, 74% 181/245 women | 10 | t-test |  | |
Cannistra 1992 [56] | Patients with heart disease: MI +- revascularization, CABG, coronary angioplasty, or angina pectoris | n = 225 (174 men, 51 women) | Aerobic | 12 Weeks | CR completion: 63% 110/174 men, 51% 26/51 women. Adherence was 85 ± 11% for women and 89 ± 13% for men | 10 | t-test |  | |
Casey 2009 [87] | Patients were CAD outpatients and as well as diagnosed with stable angina, MI, PCI, CABG, cardiomyopathy, or CHF | n = 637 (459 men, 178 women) | Not described | 13 Weeks | CR completion: 92% 422/459 men completed study, 88% 157/178 women completed study | 11 | t-test between deltas |  | |
Caulin-Glaser 2005 [97] | Patients with CAD who participated in a CR program | n = 172 (134 men, 38 women) | Not described | 12 Weeks | CR completion: 100% (must have completed > 7 weeks) | 11 | t-test between deltas |  | |
Caulin-Glaser 2007 [42] | Patients with CABG, PTCA, MI/CAD, or Valve disease | n = 348 (248 men, 100 women) | Not described | 12 Weeks | CR completion: 90% 224/248 men, 71% 71/100 women | 12 | t-test between deltas |  | |
Chai 1999 [43] | Patients with recent MI, CABG or angioplasty or stable angina pectoris | n = 113 (89 men, 24 women) | Aerobic and Strength | 12 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 9 | t-test |  | |
Dehgani 2021 [79] | Patients with MI and HF | n = 40 (20 men, 20 women) | Home-based (Aerobic) | 8 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 11 | t-test |  | |
Deljanin-Ilic 2019 [105] | Patients with MI, CABG, PCI | n = 684 (506 men, 178 women) | Aerobic | 3 weeks | CR completion: 100% | 11 | t-test |  | |
El Missiri 2020 [72] | Patients with CAD and underwent PCI 3 months prior to their enrollment in the study | n = 60 (30 men, 30 women) | Aerobic | 12 Weeks | CR completion: 100% Adherence rate for men was 79.6% and 65.4% for women | 12 | t-test |  | |
Fiorina 2007 [69] | Patients had either CABG, valve replacement, or AMI | n = 1622 (1123 men, 499 women) | Aerobic | 15 ± 3 Days | CR completion: 100% | 12 | t-test |  | |
Freene 2018 [70] | Patients with stable CAD with/ without a revascularization procedure | n = 72 (57 men, 15 women) | Not described | 6 Weeks | CR completion: 90% | 11 | t-test between deltas |  | |
Gee 2014 [44] | Patients with stable angina, MI, PCI, or CABG | n = 1104 (758 men, 346 women) | Not described | 12 Weeks | CR completion: 73% 554/758 men, 66% 227/346 women. Adherence rate for men was 73.1% and was 65.6% for women | 12 | t-test |  | |
Ghashghaei 2012 [45] | Patients with CAD including having history of one or more of the following: MI, CABG, PCI, and chronic stable angina | n = 156 (men = 72, women n = 84) | Aerobic and Strength | 8 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 11 | t-test between deltas |  | |
Goldhammer 2007 [71] | Patients with CAD, having a history of MI, PCI, and/or CABG 21 to 45 days prior to inclusion to study | n = 37 (23 men, 14 women) | Aerobic | 12 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 12 | ANOVA |  | |
Gupta 2007 [68] | Patients with CAD and had either diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension or were obese | n = 533 (373 men, 160 women) | Aerobic | 8–12 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 11 | t-test |  | |
Heald 2021 [26] | Patients with CAD, spontaneous coronary artery dissection, AF, adult congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathy, PCI, CABG, valve intervention, implantable rhythm device, aneurysm repair, ablation, and those at risk for developing CAD or cardiovascular disease | n = 997 (454 men, 543 women) | Aerobic and strength | 26 weeks | CR completion: 62% men, 59% women | 11 | t-test and ANOVA |  | |
Jafri 2023 [92] | Patients with NSTEMI, STEMI, PCI, CABG, angina, heart transplant, valve repair/replacement, or HF | n = 15,613 (8825 men, 6788 women) | Aerobic and strength | 9 Weeks | CR completion: 65.9% men, 63.3% women | 11 | t-test |  | |
Keating 2013 [106] | Patients with CAD and had not had a MI or been hospitalized within the past 3 months. Patients also had a BMI > 27 kg/m 2, and waist circumference > 102 cm (men) or > 88 cm (women) | n = 46 (35 men, 11 women) | Aerobic; Home based | 16 Week exercise + 4 Week weight control and exercise | CR completion: 100% | 9 | ANOVA |  | |
Keteyian 2003 [17] | Patients with HF caused by left ventricular systolic dysfunction (New York Heart Association class II or III, a resting ejection fraction of < 35%) | n = 15 (10 men, 5 women) | Aerobic | 14–24 weeks | CR completion: 100% | 11 | t-test between deltas |  | |
Kim 2019 [37] | Patients who underwent PCI after MI or unstable angina visited the CR center at 4 weeks after being discharged from the hospital | n = 586 (451 men, 135 women) | Aerobic | 36 Weeks | CR completion: 25% 114/451 men, 21% 30/135 women. Adherence rates between men and women were similar | 11 | t-test |  | |
Kitagaki 2022 [41] | Patients with MI | n = 156 (128 men, 28 women) | Aerobic and Strength | 12 Weeks | CR completion: 100% Men attended 10/36 classes and women attended 14/36 classes. | 11 | t-test and ANOVA |  | |
Kligfield 2003 [46] | Patients who were referred for a 12-week program of CR because of stable angina or after they experienced MI, CABG, or PCI | n = 81 (58 men, 23 women) | Aerobic | 12 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 11 | Not described |  | |
Kodis 2001 [18] | Patients with CABG | n = 1042- 713 in-person CR (612 men; 101 women) 329 home-based CR (296 men; 33 women) | Aerobic and Strength or Home-Based | 24 Weeks | In person CR completion: 84% 516/612 men, 82% 83/101 women; Home-based CR completion: 97% 288/296 men, 91% 30/33 women | 12 | ANOVA |  | |
Korzeniowska-Kubacka 2015 [57] | Patients with stable angina pectoris (CCS class I or II), sinus rhythm, preserved left ventricular function (ejection fraction > 50%), no evidence of right ventricular dysfunction on echocardiography, and those who were qualified for phase II of a comprehensive, post-MI, CR program | n = 87 (57 men, 30 women) | 1/2 Aerobic, 1/2 Home Based | 8 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 12 | t-test |  | |
Korzeniowska-Kubacka 2017 [81] | Patients who experienced MI within last 3 months, sinus rhythm, preserved left ventricular function (ejection fraction > 50%), and referred to CR | n = 62 (32 men, 30 women) | Aerobic | 8 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 12 | t-test and ANOVA |  | |
Lavie 1995 [47] | Patients with CAD | n = 458 (375 men, 83 women) | Aerobic | 12 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 12 | t-test and ANOVA |  | |
Lee 2018 [19] | Patients with CAD | n = 1544 (1359 men, 185 women) | Aerobic + Strength Vs Aerobic Interval Training | 24 Weeks | CR completion: 73% | 11 | t-test |  | |
MacMillan [30] 2006 | Patients who suffered from MI, CABG, PCI, stable angina, revascularization, HF or valve replacement | n = 100 (69 men, 31 women) | Aerobic | 12 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 11 | t-test |  | |
Maugeri 1998 [107] | Patients with HF (NYHA class III) | n = 134 (126 men, 8 women) | Aerobic | 6–16 Weeks | CR completion: 94% | 10 | t-test and ANOVA |  | |
McConnell 1997 [58] | Patients had to have a diagnosis of MI or coronary artery revascularization bypass surgery | n = 581 (456 men, 125 women) | Aerobic | 12 Weeks | 76% adherence for body composition, 36% for lipid measures, 20% for VO2 | 12 | ANOVA |  | |
Mertens 1996 [40] | Patients with chronic AF, and/or had a history of valvular disease, or CAD | n = 20 (13 men, 7 women) | Aerobic | 52 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 9 | Not described |  | |
Mittag 2006 [90] | Patients suffered with MI, CABG, and PCI | n = 343 (281 men, 62 women) | Home-based | 52 Weeks | CR completion: 87% | 12 | t-test |  | |
Mroszczyk-McDonald 2007 [20] | Patients who suffered from CABG, MI, PCI, HF, and/or diagnosed with stable angina | n = 1960 (men = 1479, women = 481) | Aerobic and Strength | 12 Weeks | CR completion: 34% 505/1479 men, 33% 161/481 women | 10 | t-test and ANOVA |  | |
Nguyen 2021 [21] | Patients diagnosed with CAD | n = 63 (40 men, 23 women) | Aerobic and Strength | 24 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 12 | ANOVA |  | |
Ocallaghan 1984 [85] | Patients who had MI or PCI | n = 264 (227 men, 37 women) | Aerobic | 8 Weeks | CR completion: 92% of men, 81% of women. Men had an attendance rate of 87 ± 14% and women 77 ± 16%. | 11 | t-test |  | |
O’Farrell 2000 [75] | Patients with either angina, MI, PTCA, CABG, CHF, cardiomyopathy, valvular disease, or heart transplantation | n = 387 (317 men, 70 women) | Aerobic | 12 Weeks | CR completion: 100%. Men attended 83%, while women attended 76%. | 12 | t-test |  | |
Pabisiak 2013 [108] | Patients who suffered a MI | n = 61 (34 men, 27 women) | Aerobic and Strength | 8 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 11 | t-test |  | |
Pina 2014 [35] | Patients with HF, patients with left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction < 35%) and NYHA class 2 to 4 | n = 2331 (1670 men, 661 women) | Aerobic | 12 Weeks | CR completion: 81% of men and 79% of women. Adherence was 45% for men and 37% for women | 12 | t-test |  | |
Pischke 2006 [59] | Patients had a diagnosis of CAD, and a history of CABG, PTCA, angina or MI | n = 343 (286 men, 57 women) | Aerobic | 12 Weeks | CR completion: 95% of men completed the study and 95% of women. | 12 | ANOVA |  | |
Proenca 2023 [93] | Patients had ACS | n = 881 (739 men, 142 women) | Not described | 8–16 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 9 | Unknown |  | |
Quindry 2022 [94] | Patients had MI, CABG, PCI, Angina, HF, valve replacement, or have a heart transplant | n = 31,885 (22,602 men, 9283 women) | Not described | 12–36 sessions (length unclear) | CR completion: 100% | 12 | ANOVA and Mann Whitney U test |  | |
Rejeski 2002 [60] | Patients with a history of MI, PTCA, chronic stable angina, New York Heart Association Class I or Class II CHF, cardiovascular surgery (coronary artery or valvular heart disease) in the past 6 months | n = 147 (76 men, 71 women) | Aerobic and Strength | 12 Weeks | CR completion: 88% | 12 | ANOVA |  | |
Rengo 2020 [22] | Patients with a history of CABG, MI, PCI, CHF, stable angina, arrhythmia, and valve surgery | n = 3925(2985 men, 940 women) | Aerobic (some CR had HIIT) | 12–16 Weeks | CR completion: 46% of men, 43% of women | 12 | t-test and ANOVA |  | |
Sadeghi 2012 [48] | Patients with a history of MI, CABG, PCI, and chronic stable angina | n = 585 (men = 464, women = 121) | Aerobic and Strength | 8 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 9 | t-test between deltas |  | |
Saeidi 2013 [49] | Patients with a history of MI, PTCA, CABG, and CAD | n = 100 (69 men, 31 women) | Aerobic | 8 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 9 | t-test |  | |
Safdar 2022 [6] | Patients with CABG | n = 420 (344 men, 76 women) | Aerobic and Strength | 12 weeks | CR completion: 32% of men, 23% of women. | 11 | t-test |  | |
Sarrafzadegan 2008 [50] | Patients had a history of MI, CABG, PCI or CAD | n = 547 (400 men, 147 women) | Aerobic | 8 Weeks | CR completion: 45% | 12 | t-test and ANOVA |  | |
Savage 2004 [23] | Patients had a history of MI, CABG, CHF, unstable angina or CAD | n = 340 (263 men, 77 women) | Aerobic + Strength | 12 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 12 | t-test and ANOVA | ||
Sheikhian 2018 [98] | Patients with CAD, at least one coronary artery stenosis, an ejection fraction > 40% without evidence of ischemia or CHF symptoms | n = 30 (15 men, 15 women) | Aerobic | 8 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 12 | t-test and ANOVA |  | |
Shultz 2010 [25] | Patients who had a history of CABG, MI, PTCA and/or valve surgery | n = 109 (60 men, 49 women) | Aerobic | 12 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 11 | t-test |  | |
Socha 2017 [95] | Patients with CAD following CABG | n = 65 (44 men, 21 women) | Aerobic | 3 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 11 | Other (Wilcoxon) |  | |
Soleimani2009a [84] | Patients with CAD who had previously undergone elective PTCA | n = 440 (339 men, 101 women) | Aerobic | 8 Weeks | CR completion: 59% of men, 85% of women. 19.3% of patients attended 24 or more sessions | 10 | t-test |  | |
Soleimani 2009b [76] | Patients with CAD | n = 216 (168 men, 48 women) -nondiabetics | Aerobic | 8 Weeks | CR completion: 100% of men, 81% of women | 11 | t-test |  | |
Stojanovic 2023 [82] | Patients with MI, PCI, or myocardial revascularization | n = 1603 (1231 men, 372 women) | Aerobic | 3 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 11 | t-test |  | |
Swank 2010 [77] | Patients with CHF, ejection fraction < 35%, with systolic dysfunction | n = 42 (27 men, 15 women) | Aerobic and Strength | 14 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 12 | ANOVA |  | |
Szmigielska 2022 [52] | Patients with CAD who had CABG, PCI, or ACS | n = 286 (180 men, 106 women) | Aerobic | 8 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 11 | t-test and t-test between deltas |  | |
Temfemo 2011 [31] | Patients who had a history of CABG, artery angioplasty, MI, or valve replacement | n = 188 (112 men, 76 women) | Aerobic | 8 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 12 | ANOVA |  | |
Terada 2019a [89] | Patients with a history of CAD, arrhythmia, valvular disease, AF, and/or CHF | n = 120 (60 men, 60 women) | Aerobic (Either AIT or MICE) | 8 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 12 | t-test and ANCOVA |  | |
Terada 2019b [78] | Patients diagnosed with angina, CABG, PCI, CAD, CHF, cardiomyopathy, heart murmur, carotid disease, or transient ischemic attack | n = 591 (436 men, 155 women) | Aerobic (On site, home based, or brief) | 4–12 weeks | CR completion: 100% Adherence: 85% men and 83% women (on-site) | 12 | t-test and ANCOVA |  | |
Thorin-Trescases 2016 [24] | Patients diagnosed with ACS | n = 40 (30 men, 10 women) | Aerobic | 12 Weeks | CR completion: 100%. Adherence rate for men was 98.9 ± 3.0% and for women 97.0 ± 3.4% | 12 | ANCOVA and Other (Wilcoxon) |  | |
Trachsel 2020 [32] | Patients with CAD | n = 83 (64 men, 19 women) | Aerobic and Strength | 12-14Weeks | CR completion: 88% of men, 86% of women completed | 12 | ANOVA |  | |
Turk-Adawi 2016 [91] | Patients with ACS, revascularization, stable HF, and heart valve repair or replacement | n = 12,976 (8,836 men, 4,140 women) | Not described | 12 Weeks | CR completion: 71% of men, 65% of women | 12 | ANOVA |  | |
Tyni-Lenne 1998 [39] | Patients with CHF, ejection fraction < 40%, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class II and class III | n = 24 (12 men, 12 women) | Knee extensor exercise | 8 Weeks | CR completion: 100% Adherence to program ranged from 86–100% with no sex-related differences. | 12 | t-test and ANOVA |  | |
Verrill 2003 [67] | Patients with CAD, and/or angina, valvular disease or replacement, CHF or MI | n = 630 (424 men and 206 women) | Aerobic and Strength | 10–12 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 12 | ANOVA |  | |
Vidal-Almela 2022 [36] | Patients with CAD, arrhythmias, valvular disease, angina, stroke, HF, spontaneous coronary artery dissection, PCI, CABG, valve replacement, PCI + CABG, catheter ablation | n = 140 (100 men, 40 women) | Aerobic (HIIT) | 10 weeks | CR completion: 100% Adherence 78% men, 77% women | 11 | ANCOVA |  | |
Vilela 2020 [33] | Patients who suffered from AMI | n = 379 (307 men, 72 women) | Aerobic and Strength | 8 Weeks | CR completion: 100%. Adherence: Patients completed a median of 22 sessions (16–25 sessions) | 12 | t-test |  | |
Wagner 2018 [34] | Patients with AF | n = 210 (151 men, 59 women) | Aerobic and Strength | 12 Weeks | CR completion: 82% of men, 88% of women. Adherence to the training sessions was higher in men (47%) than in women (40%) | 11 | t-test |  | |
Wahlstrom 2023 [80] | Patients with AF | n = 64 (28 men, 36 women) | Yoga | 12 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 11 | t-test |  | |
Warner 1995 [88] | Patients were referred after MI, CABG, percutaneous balloon angioplasty, cardiomyopathy, and/or stable angina | n = 719 (553 men 166 women) | Aerobic | 260 Weeks | CR completion: 12% 69/553 men, 8% 14/166 women. Adherence was 70% for men and 68% for women | 12 | t-test and ANCOVA |  | |
Weinberger 2014 [86] | Patients with PTCA, CABG, MI, valve replacement, CAD, CHF, angina or cardiomyopathy | n = 1138 (843 men, 295 women) | Not described | ≥ 7weeks; average 11 weeks | CR completion: 49% Adherence was 11.5 weeks for men and 11.4 weeks for women | 12 | Other (Logistic regression) |  | |
Willenheimer 1998 [38] | Patients with HF and ejection fraction < 45% | n = 33 (27 men, 6 women) | Aerobic | 16 Weeks | CR completion: 91% Adherence for men was 78% and for 67% women | 12 | t-test |  | |
Wise 2012 [51] | Patients with CHF (NYHA level I-III) also diagnosed with CAD, cardiomyopathy, valvular disease, and or/tachycardia | n = 232 (172 men, 60 women) | Aerobic and Strength | 12 Weeks + median of 4 extra weeks | CR completion: 100% All patients attended at least 40% of sessions. | 11 | Other (Wilcoxon) |  | |
Zahedi 2022 [74] | Patients with MI and PCI | n = 30 (23 men, 7 women) | Aerobic | 5 Weeks | CR completion: 100% | 9 | Other (Wilcoxon) |  | |
Zahedi 2023 [73] | Patients with CABG | n = 100 (67 men, 33 women) | Aerobic | 4 weeks | CR completion: 100% | 11 | Other (Wilcoxon) |  |