Table 2 Characteristics of studies included in this review

Training (n = 10)

Fitness training (n = 4)

Impellizzeri et al. [24]

RCT

Male/Age: 17.8 ± 0.6yr/Youth players

Aerobic interval training/Low-intensity technical and tactical training

^2, EG##↓

Zago et al. [25]

Repeated-measures study

Male/ 11.5 ± 0.27yr/ Regional sub-elite players

Technology combined with agility training /Traditional training

^1, EG##↓

Cè et al. [26]

RCT

Male/EG: 10 ± 0.5yr, CG: 10 ± 0.7yr/ Amateur player

Balance training/Mix competition

^1, *EG##↓(very large effect)

Tarakci, Pinar[27]

Non-RCT

Male/EG: 19.03 ± 0.6yr, CG: 18.82 ± 0.65yr/Players with 5 years of game experience

Endurance + Strength training/Strength + Endurance training

EG##↓

CG##↓

Small-sided games training (n = 2)

Eniseler et al. [28]

RCT

Male/16.9 ±1.1yr/ Professional players

Small-sided games training/Repeat sprint training

EG##↓

Özcan, Şahan [29]

RCT

Male/EG: 18.43 ± 1.47yr, CG: 18.54 ± 1.54yr/ Amateur players

Small-sided games training/Traditional aerobic training

EG##↓

Zois et al. [30]

RCD

Male/23.6 ± 4.1yr/ Professional players

1: Leg press training, 2: Small-sided games training/Passive rest

*EG1##↔

EG2##↓(medium effect)

CG##↑(medium effect)

Burcak [31]

NR

Male/20.82 ± 1.41yr/ Non-elite players

Warm-up drills using the 4-ball/Warm-up drills using the 5-ball

#↓

Kaya et al. [32]

Repeated-measures study

Male/22.07 ± 2.87yr/ Professional players

Foam axis rolling training/Passive rest

EG##↔

High-intensity position-specific training (n = 1)

Cuong Le et al. [33]

Single-cohort sequential design

Male/16.1 ± 0.4yr/ Players who have participated in professional football training and national youth competitions

High-intensity position-specific training

EG##↔

Fatigue (n = 9)

Mental fatigue (n = 5)

Smith et al. [34]

RCD

Male/19.6 ± 3.5yr/Professional players

Stroop mission/Leisurely magazine reading

^2，#↑

Smith et al. [35]

RCD

Male/19.6 ± 3.5yr/Professional players

Stroop mission/Leisurely magazine reading

^3，#↑

Greco et al. [36]

RCD

Male/15.0 ± 1.1yr/Youth players

"Brain It On" software/Control state (blank control)

#↑

Filipas et al. [37]

NR

Male/U14, U16, U18/Players competing at national level

U14s (EG1), U16s (EG2) and U18s (EG3) will be on a Stroop mission/U14s (CG1), U16s (CG2), U18s (CG3) relaxing and reading magazine

EG1 vs CG1#↔

EG2 vs CG2#↔

EG3 vs CG3#↑

Bian et al. [12]

RCD

Male/22.0 ± 2.5/Well-trained players

1: LSPT randomized order, 2: LSPT clockwise order, 3: Stroop task

^2，EG1##↑

^2，EG2##↓

^2，EG2##↓

Muscle fatigue (n = 4)

Lyons et al. [38]

Repeated-measures study

Male/22.95 ± 5.32yr/College soccer players

1: Moderate-intensity training protocol, 2: High-intensity training regimen /Rest

EG1 vs CG#↓

EG2 vs CG#↑

Rampinini et al. [39]

Quasi-experimental control-period design

Male/17.6 ± 0.5yr/Professional players

1: First half of the match/2: The whole match

EG1##↑

EG2##↑

Draganidis et al. [40]

Repeated-measures study

Male/20 ± 0.7yr/High level competition players

1: Low-intensity resistance exercise program, 2: High-intensity resistance exercise program/Control

EG1##↑

EG2##↑

Lyons et al. [41]

Quantitative cross-sectional design

Female/19.5 ± 3.3yr/Professional elite players and Professional sub-elite players

Complete a high-intensity interval training session

Professional elite players/Professional sub-elite players

#↓

Supplement intake (n = 9)

Water intake (n = 2)

Ali et al. [42]

RCD

Female/25.5 ± 5.2yr/Professional players

Water intake/No water intake

#↔

Owen et al. [43]

RCD

Male/22.2 ± 3.1yr/Semi-professional players

1: Intake of water in the amount of sweat loss, 2: Consumption of water at will/No water intake

EG1 vs CG#↔

EG2 vs CG#↔

Nutrient fortification intake (n = 7)

Ali et al. [44]

RCD

Male/21.3 ± 3.0yr/Semi-professional, ex-professional or players who have reached at least college 1st or 2nd team standards

Intake of carbohydrate solution/Placebo intake

#↔

Ali, Williams [45]

RCD

Male/20.9 ± 2.5yr/Semi-professional or non-professional players from college teams

Intake of carbohydrate solution/Placebo intake

#↔

Foskett et al. [46]

RCD

Male/23.8 ± 4.5yr/Regional top league players

Intake of caffeine solution/Placebo intake

#↓

Gant et al. [47]

RCD

Male/21.3 ± 3yr/Class players

Intake of carbohydrate caffeine solution/Intake of carbohydrate solution

#↔

O'Reilly, Wong [48]

RCD

Male/23 ± 2.9yr/College players

Intake of carbohydrate solution/Intake of carbohydrate-free solutions

#↓

Andrade-Souza et al. [49]

RCD

Male/25.4 ± 2.3yr/College players

1: Intake of carbohydrate solution, 2: Intake of caffeine solution, 3: Intake of carbohydrates caffeine solution/Placebo intake

None of the differences between the groups were statistically significant

Shabir et al. [50]

Double-dissociation design

Male/22 ± 5yr/Casual players

1: Placebo intake and informed of placebo, 2: Intake of caffeine solution and informing placebo, 3: Intake of placebo and informed caffeine solution, 4: Intake of caffeine solution and informing about caffeine solution

None of the differences between the groups were statistically significant

Others (n = 5)

Motivation (n = 1)

Barte et al. [51]

2 × 2 design

Male/24.3 ± 4.7yr/Amateur players

Verbal motivation and monetary motivation/Not be motivated

#↓

Verbal interaction (n = 1)

Khalifa et al. [52]

NR

Male and Female/15.4 ± 0.59yr/Amateur student players

Verbal interaction/Not has verbal interaction

EG##↓

Soccer field (n = 1)

O’Meagher et al. [53]

NR

Male/12.7 ± 0.5yr/Top players in the school soccer game

1: Indoor resilient wood flooring, 2: Grasslands, 3: Artificial turf

EG1 vs EG2#↓

EG1 vs EG3#↓

EG2 vs EG3↔

Visual observation (n = 1)

Vansteenkiste et al. [54]

NR

Male/8-10yr/High-level and low-level players in soccer academies

Wearing an eye movement recorder to complete a LSPT

Soccer academy high level players/ Soccer academy low level players

#↓

Salbutamol (n = 1)

Halabchi et al. [55]

RCD

Male/17.2 ± 0.8yr/Professional junior soccer players

Intake of salbutamol/Placebo intake

#↔