This is a prospective, single-blinded RCT. The study has been approved by the relevant ethics committees and has been registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) (12617001271392, 04/09/2017). Participant recruitment will commence in September 2017. The study will be reported in accordance with the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement [39]. The study flow diagram is presented in Fig. 1.
Recruitment and consent
Potential participants will be identified and recruited from scheduled outpatient clinic appointments at the adult (Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital [SCGH]) and children’s (Perth Children’s Hospital ([PCH]) CF centres. Potential participants will be provided with an information sheet summarising the study and will receive a phone call within 48 h of their clinic visit to discuss their willingness to participate. At the beginning of the first study visit, written informed consent will be obtained from participants or assent if the participant is under 18 years of age.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Males and females with CF will be invited to participate in this study if they: (i) are aged ≥15 years and; (ii) have a body mass index (BMI) > 16 kg/m2. Exclusion criteria will comprise: (i) current or recent (within the previous 4 weeks) exacerbation of CF which required oral or intravenous antibiotics; (ii) a co-morbid condition that would impact on the ability to undertake a maximal incremental exercise capacity test; (iii) poorly controlled diabetes as deemed by their treating endocrinologist; (iv) previous lung transplant or current listing for lung transplantation; (v) participation in exercise at a moderate intensity two or more times per week for the previous 3 months and; (vi) the inability to provide written informed consent due to a cognitive impairment or being unable to understand English. If a potential participant has cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, they will be included pending approval from the treating endocrinologist, irrespective of the treatment they are on.
Randomisation and allocation concealment
Participants will be randomly allocated, on a 1:1 ratio, to either the experimental or control group. Concealment of the allocation sequence will be ensured by using a central randomisation service (the National Health and Medical Research Council randomisation service). A minimisation algorithm will be used to stratify for site of recruitment (i.e. SCGH or PCH), spirometry (i.e. mild [FEV1 ≥ 70% predicted], moderate [FEV1 40 to 69% predicted] or severe [FEV1 ≤ 39% predicted]) and the use (or not) of Ivacaftor, which is a medication that improves lung function, weight, HRQoL and reduces the rate of exacerbation [40].
Assessment period
Both prior to randomisation (i.e.baseline) and following the intervention period (i.e. follow-up), participants will complete assessments over two non-consecutive days; assessment day one and assessment day two. Each assessment visit will last 1.5 h, and both visits will be completed within 2 weeks. During both the baseline and follow-up assessments, descriptive variables will be recorded related to age, gender, height, weight, genotype and spirometry (Medgraphics USB Spirometer, MCG Diagnostics, Minnesota, USA). Measures related to the primary aim will be collected in both groups during the baseline and follow-up assessment. This will comprise exercise capacity, HRQoL, exercise self-efficacy, feelings of anxiety, depression and enjoyment. The follow-up assessments of these outcomes will be completed by an assessor who is blinded to group allocation. Measures related to the secondary aim will be collected in the experimental group only and will comprise post-exercise muscle soreness (measured weekly), tolerance (measured at every HIIT session) and cardiorespiratory and symptom responses to HIIT (measured at week 1, week 4 and week 8 of the HIIT program) will be measured throughout the 8-week period. Details of these measurements are provided below.
Assessment day one
On the first assessment day each participant will complete a ramp-based cycle ergometry test on an electronically-braked cycle ergometer (Ergoselect 100; Ergoline, Bitz, Germany). The test will commence with 1 min of rest, followed by 1 min of unloaded cycling. Thereafter, a ‘continuous ramp’ protocol will be used to progressively increase the work rate until the participant is unable to continue due to intolerable symptoms (i.e. symptom limitation). The magnitude of change in work rate will be individualised based on the participant’s age and pre-existing level of fitness (as subjectively reported by the participant), with the aim of achieving symptom limitation in 8 to 12 min [41]. Throughout the test, participants will be asked to cycle at a cadence of 60 rpm. Breath by breath measurements will be collected of minute ventilation, breathing pattern, rate of oxygen consumption (VO2) and rate of expired carbon dioxide production (VCO2) (Medgraphics CardioO2; Medical Graphics Corporation). Measures of heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation (SpO2) will be continuously monitored and recorded using a 12 lead electrocardiogram and an ear probe attached to a pulse oximeter (Ohmeda Biox 3700e ear probe, Colorado, USA), respectively. Blood pressure will be measured every 2 min using an automated blood pressure (BP) machine (Tango M2; Suntech, North Carolina, USA) with a BP cuff connected to the participants’ right arm. Measures of breathlessness and muscle fatigue will be recorded each minute using a modified Borg scale [42]. The peak rate of oxygen uptake (VO2peak) will be defined as the average VO2 during the final 30 s of the test [43].
Following completion of the ramp-based cycle ergometry test, the participants will be asked to complete two questionnaires: (i) the Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire- Revised (CFQ-R) [44, 45] which takes approximately 15 min to complete and is a valid and reliable questionnaire for use in people with CF [44, 45], and; (ii) the Barriers Self-efficacy Scale (BARSE) [46], which takes approximately 5 min to complete and is a valid and reliable tool in healthy people [46].
Assessment day two
On a separate, non-consecutive day, the constant work rate test will be performed in order to establish time to symptom limitation (Tlim) (primary outcome). This test will be conducted using identical equipment and measurements as described for the ramp-based cycle-ergometry test. Participants will be asked to complete a 1-min warm-up of unloaded cycling after which the work rate will be increased to 80% of the Wmax [48]. An intensity of 80% of the Wmax has been chosen as this has been demonstrated to be feasible in people with CF [48]. In addition, at this cycling intensity, more than half of people with chronic respiratory disease (CF or COPD) achieve a Tlim of between 8 and 11 min; a test duration which is most responsive to change following the intervention period [49, 50]. During the baseline assessment, if a participant does not demonstrate signs of symptom limitation at 10 min, then the test will be terminated and, following a seated rest of 30 min, the test will be repeated at a higher intensity [43, 50]. During the follow-up assessment, the constant work rate test will be completed at the highest work rate used during the baseline assessment. In the follow-up assessment, the constant work rate test will be terminated at 20 min for participants who do not reach symptom limitation earlier and Tlim will be recorded as 20 min.
Following completion of the constant work rate exercise test, participants will be asked to complete three questionnaires; (i) the Alfred Wellness Score for CF (AweScore-CF) [51], which takes approximately 2 min to complete and is a reliable tool for use in people with CF [51]; (ii) the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) [52], which takes approximately 10 min to complete, is a valid, reliable and responsive measure and has been widely used in people with CF [52], and; (iii) the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), which is a valid and reliable tool previously used in healthy people and takes approximately 5 min to complete [53].
Intervention period
Regardless of group allocation, throughout the duration of the study, participants will continue usual care. This includes medication, nutritional support, airway clearance regimens and attendance at a multidisciplinary outpatient CF clinic, which occur quarterly, or more frequently if clinically indicated. In both groups, usual care for each participant will be recorded weekly throughout the intervention period. To do so, participants will be asked if there have been any changes to their treatment in the preceding week.
Experimental group
Participants allocated to the experimental group will be asked to complete an 8-week cycling-based HIIT program. Each training session will involve a 2-min active ‘warm up’ at 15 to 20 W, followed by a 30-s ‘work’ phase and 30-s ‘rest’ period, repeated six times. The work to rest periods will be followed by a 2-min active ‘cool down’ period at 15 to 20 W. Therefore, the total training time per session, inclusive of rest periods, will be 10 min. Each session will be supervised by a physiotherapist who is trained in the management of people with CF. To minimise the onset of post-exercise muscle soreness and optimise adherence, the training program will commence with a ‘lead in’ phase which will involve only two sessions of HIIT in weeks 1 and 2. Thereafter, between weeks 3 and 8, HIIT will be undertaken three times a week (i.e. total 22 sessions over 8 weeks). The training intensity will be prescribed using measurements of maximum work rate (Wmax) achieved during the ramp-based cycle ergometry test completed during the baseline assessments. Specifically, the first training session will be prescribed at 60% of Wmax, with the goal of achieving a training intensity equal to 80% of Wmax during the fourth training session (i.e. the end of week 2). Thereafter, training intensity will be increased as rapidly as symptoms of breathlessness and muscle fatigue permit. Training will be completed at one of two sites, with the participant permitted to choose the site that is most convenient for them. The model of exercise bike used for the HIIT sessions will be identical across all training sites (Orbit Eco Generator Interval Bike OEB2002, Perth, Australia). Only a single participant will be permitted to use the exercise room on any day, with stringent hand hygiene and cleaning procedures adhered to at all times to reduce the risk of cross contamination between participants [54]. The intervention will be conducted and reported in accordance with the TIDieR checklist [55] and CERT guidelines [56, 57].
If a participant in the experimental group reports the onset of symptoms indicative of an exacerbation of CF (i.e. increased sputum volume, changes in the characteristics of sputum, blood present in the sputum, increased cough, pain from coughing, new wheeze or increased wheeze, new or increased chest tightness, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing, increased fatigue or lethargy, fever, loss of appetite or weight, sinus pain or tenderness) [58], they will be referred to their respective CF team for medical review. If an exacerbation is diagnosed by the treating CF team, the participant will be invited to continue participating in HIIT sessions once deemed to be medically stable by a CF clinician. Medical stability has been defined as being afebrile, having resting BP, HR and SpO2 within limits of the participants’ baseline values and/or deemed stable by the treating CF clinician. In the event of missed attendance to HIIT sessions, the training program will be extended by a maximum of 2 weeks so that the participant will have 10 weeks to complete the 22 HIIT sessions.
Measurements related to the secondary aim (collected in the experimental group only)
Post-exercise muscle soreness
Participants in the experimental group will be asked if they experienced any post-exercise quadriceps femoris muscle soreness whilst completing a ‘sit to stand’ 24 h following the first training session of each week. Those who report experiencing post-exercise muscle soreness will be asked to rate its severity using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) [59].
Tolerance
The level of participant attendance and completion of the HIIT sessions will be recorded throughout the 8-week period. Oxygen saturation (SpO2) at rest and nadir SpO2 will be recorded during each training session. Adverse events will be monitored throughout the HIIT program. These will be categorised as minor, if they are transient and self-limiting events (i.e. breathlessness without significant oxygen desaturation [< 4% from the participant’s pre-exercise SpO2], muscle or general fatigue) or major events if they require the participant to cease training during any given session or necessitate medical assistance (i.e. breathlessness with significant oxygen desaturation [≥ 4% from the participants pre-exercise SpO2], pain, vasovagal events or haemoptysis).
Cardiorespiratory and symptom responses
During weeks 1, 4 and 8 of the training period, participants in the experimental group will be asked to complete one of two or three (week 3 onwards) HIIT sessions in the same laboratory used to conduct the ramp-based cycle ergometry test. During these sessions, measurements will be collected of minute ventilation, breathing pattern, VO2 and VCO2, HR, SpO2 and BP. Breathlessness and muscle fatigue will be assessed using the modified Borg scale [42].
Behaviour change techniques
The HIIT sessions will be audio recorded over the course of the 8-week program. The purpose of this will be to allow for qualitative analysis and reporting of BCTs [60], as recommended by the CONSORT guidelines [61]. Behaviour change techniques are defined as the active component of an intervention that targets a specific behaviour. These techniques can be used alone, or in combination with another technique. Of note, to be considered a BCT, the intervention needs to be observable, able to be replicated, and designed to alter existing or stimulate new behaviour [60]. Some examples of BCTs are reinforcement, self-monitoring, feedback, problem solving, graded tasks and reward. The BCTs will be reported in accordance with the Taxonomy (v1) by Michie et al. [60]. All HIIT sessions will be audio recorded, unless the participant ‘opts-out’. This audio recording process will also allow for fidelity checking of the sessions if required by the relevant ethics committee.
Control group
Participants allocated to the control group will be contacted once a week by a physiotherapist to discuss changes to their symptoms, healthcare utilisation and participation in exercise over the preceding week. Participants will be allowed to choose the way in which this contact is made; phone calls, texts or emails. If a participant allocated to the control group reports any symptoms that are suggestive of an exacerbation, they will be referred to the CF team for medical review.
Statistical analyses
The results of this study will be analysed according to the intention-to-treat principle using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) (Version 22, SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). The distribution of data will be checked using frequency histograms. A p value of < 0.05 will be considered statistically significant. Audio recording of the HIIT sessions will be analysed using NVivo software.
To address differences between the experimental and control group, between-group differences in all outcomes (e.g. Tlim, VO2peak, HRQoL, exercise self-efficacy, feelings of anxiety, depression and enjoyment) will be assessed using linear mixed models. Baseline measures will be used as a covariate and group allocations will be used as a fixed factor. Total in work done (i.e. training dose) will be considered in the analyses by entering this parameter as a random factor in the mixed effects model. To address the proportion of participants who develop post-exercise muscle soreness, the severity of post-exercise muscle soreness in those who develop it over the 8 week intervention period and tolerance of the HIIT program, descriptive statistics, such as frequency, mean and standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range will be used. To explore differences in measures of cardiorespiratory and symptom responses throughout the HIIT program, an analysis of variance (parametric) or a Friedman’s test (non-parametric data) will be used.
Sample size calculations
Constant power tests have been widely used to demonstrate increases in exercise capacity following a period of exercise training (i.e. pulmonary rehabilitation) [43, 47], are also more likely to reflect performance of activities of daily living [62], as they are performed at a moderate intensity, compared to tests of peak exercise capacity [22, 43] and when conducted at 80% of the Wmax are demonstrated to be highly repeatable in people with CF [63]. For these reasons, the sample size calculation for this study has been based on the measurements of Tlim during a constant work rate test, conducted at 80% of Wmax [43]. There is limited information pertaining to the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for the Tlim in people with CF. However, in people with COPD, the MCID for Tlim during a constant work rate test has been proposed to be 100 s [43]. In order to detect a between-group difference of 100 s (MCID for Tlim in COPD), with a SD of 99 s (largest of the 2 SDs reported for Tlim in a CF population that will be similar to that recruited in the study described in this proposal [48]) (α = 0.05 and 1-β = 0.8) a sample size of 16 per group (n = 32 in total) is required. This sample size has been inflated by 20% to account for possible loss to follow-up. Therefore, the recruitment target for this study will be 40.