Table 2 Comparisons between the genotype frequencies of the studied groups via 2 × 2 Chi-square test

ACTN3

(R/X)

Controls

450

162 (36.0%)

205 (45.6%)

83 (18.4%)

Control vs. Elite

3.97

0.137

0.092

All athletes

123

35 (28.5%)

56 (45.5%)

32 (26.0%)

Control vs. All athletes

4.36

0.113

0.087

Sub-elite

104

32 (30.8%)

46 (44.2%)

26 (25.0%)

Control vs. Sub-elite

2.54

0.218

0.068

Elite

19

3 (15.8%)

10 (52.6%)

6 (31.6%)

Elite vs. Sub-elite

1.78

0.410

0.120

Sub-elite Pow

85

25 (29.4%)

38 (44.7%)

22 (25.9%)

Sub-elite Pow vs. Elite Pow

1.52

0.468

0.120

Sub-elite End

19

7 (36.8%)

8 (42.1%)

4 (21.1%)

Sub-elite End vs. Sub-elite Pow

1.03

0.596

0.100

Elite Pow

13

2 (15.4%)

8 (61.5%)

3 (23.1%)

Elite Pow vs. Elite End

1.57

0.457

0.290

Elite End

6

1 (16.7%)

2 (33.3%)

3 (50.0%)

Elite End vs. Sub-elite End

2.03

0.362

0.280

ACE

(I/D)

Controls

718

138 (19.2%)

341 (47.5%)

239 (33.3%)

Control vs. Elite

3.16

0.206

0.065

All athletes

123

19 (15.4%)

62 (50.4%)

42 (34.1%)

Control vs. All athletes

1.01

0.604

0.035

Sub-elite

104

16 (15.4%)

56 (53.8%)

32 (30.8%)

Control vs. Sub-elite

1.65

0.439

0.045

Elite

19

3 (15.8%)

6 (31.6%)

10 (52.6%)

Elite vs. Sub-elite

3.83

0.147

0.180

Sub-elite Pow

85

13 (15.3%)

46 (54.1%)

26 (30.6%)

Sub-elite Pow vs. Elite Pow

8.17

0.017*

0.290

Sub-elite End

20

3 (15%)

11 (55%)

6 (30%)

Sub-elite End vs. Sub-elite Pow

0.01

0.993

0.010

Elite Pow

13

2 (15.4%)

2 (15.4%)

9 (69.2%)

Elite Pow vs. Elite End

5.58

0.061

0.540

Elite End

6

1 (16.7%)

4 (66.7%)

1 (16.7%)

Elite End vs. Sub-elite End

0.53

0.769

0.140

BDKRB2

(-9/+9)

Controls

567

129 (22.8%)

346 (50.1%)

154 (27.1%)

Control vs. Elite

0.47

0.791

0.028

All athletes

123

27 (22.0%)

62 (50.4%)

34 (27.6%)

Control vs. All athletes

2.07

0.355

0.055

Sub-elite

104

21 (20.2%)

54 (51.9%)

29 (27.9%)

Control vs. Sub-elite

2.68

0.262

0.063

Elite

19

6 (31.6%)

8 (42.1%)

5 (26.3%)

Elite vs. Sub-elite

1.27

0.530

0.100

Sub-elite Pow

85

19 (22.4%)

43 (50.6%)

23 (27.1%)

Sub-elite Pow vs. Elite Pow

1.84

0.398

0.140

Sub-elite End

20

2 (10.0%)

11 (60.0%)

6 (30.0%)

Sub-elite End vs. Sub-elite Pow

1.62

0.444

0.120

Elite Pow

13

5 (38.5%)

6 (46.2%)

2 (15.4%)

Elite Pow vs. Elite End

2.65

0.266

0.370

Elite End

6

1 (16.7%)

2 (33.3%)

3 (50.0%)

Elite End vs. Sub-elite End

1.10

0.576

0.210

AGT

(M/T)

Controls

231

72 (31.2%)

112 (48.5%)

47 (20.3%)

Control vs. Elite

3.47

0.177

0.120

All athletes

114

41 (36.0%)

47 (41.2%)

26 (22.8%)

Control vs. All athletes

1.63

0.443

0.069

Sub-elite

97

32 (33.0%)

41 (42.3%)

24 (24.7%)

Control vs. Sub-elite

1.25

0.536

0.062

Elite

17

9 (52.9%)

6 (35.3%)

2 (11.8%)

Elite vs. Sub-Elite

2.84

0.242

0.160

Sub-elite Pow

79

27 (34.2%)

32 (40.5%)

20 (25.3%)

Sub-elite Pow vs. Elite Pow

1.73

0.421

0.140

Sub-elite End

19

6 (31.6%)

9 (47.4%)

4 (21.1%)

Sub-elite End vs. Sub-elite Pow

0.29

0.865

0.054

Elite Pow

11

6 (54.5%)

3 (27.3%)

2 (18.2%)

Elite Pow vs. Elite End

1.67

0.433

0.310

Elite End

6

3 (50.0%)

3 (50.0%)

0 (0.0%)

Elite End vs. Sub-elite End

2.00

0.368

0.260