Table 4 Comparisons between the allelic frequencies of the studied groups
Polymorphisms (Alleles 1/2) | Groups | Alleles (%) | Allelic comparisons | χ2 (2 × 2) (df = 1) | p | Cramer’s V | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | ||||||
ACTN3 (R/X) | Controls | 367 (56.0%) | 288 (44.0%) | Elite vs. Control | 1.412 | 0.235 | 0.045 |
All athletes | 91 (50.8%) | 88 (49.2%) | All athletes vs. Control | 1.531 | 0.216 | 0.043 | |
Sub-elite | 78 (52.0%) | 72 (48%) | Sub-elite vs. Control | 0.802 | 0.370 | 0.032 | |
Elite | 13 (44.8%) | 16 (55.2%) | Elite vs. Sub-elite | 0.500 | 0.479 | 0.053 | |
Sub-elite Pow | 63 (51.2%) | 60 (48.8%) | Sub-elite Pow vs. Elite Pow | 0.093 | 0.760 | 0.025 | |
Sub-elite End | 15 (55.6%) | 12 (44.4%) | Sub-elite End vs. Sub-elite Pow | 0.167 | 0.683 | 0.033 | |
Elite Pow | 10 (47.6%) | 11 (52.4%) | Elite Pow vs. Elite End | 0.240 | 0.624 | 0.091 | |
Elite End | 3 (37.5%) | 5 (62.5%) | Elite End vs. Sub-elite End | 0.805 | 0.369 | 0.150 | |
ACE (I/D) | Controls | 479 (45.2%) | 580 (54.8%) | Elite vs. Control | 0.841 | 0.359 | 0.028 |
All athletes | 81 (43.8%) | 104 (56.2%) | All athletes vs. Control | 0.133 | 0.715 | 0.010 | |
Sub-elite | 72 (45.0%) | 88 (55.0%) | Sub-Elite vs. Control | 0.003 | 0.956 | 0.002 | |
Elite | 9 (36.0%) | 16 (64.0%) | Elite vs. Sub-elite | 0.712 | 0.399 | 0.062 | |
Sub-elite Pow | 52 (41.9%) | 72 (58.1%) | Sub-elite Pow vs. Elite Pow | 1.297 | 0.255 | 0.097 | |
Sub-elite End | 13 (44.8%) | 16 (55.2%) | Sub-elite End vs. Sub-elite Pow | 0.080 | 0.777 | 0.023 | |
Elite Pow | 4 (26.7%) | 11 (73.3%) | Elite Pow vs. Elite End | 1.418 | 0.234 | 0.240 | |
Elite End | 5 (50.0%) | 5 (50.0%) | Elite End vs. Sub-elite End | 0.080 | 0.777 | 0.045 | |
BDKRB2 (-9/+9) | Controls | 413 (46.1%) | 483 (53.9%) | Elite vs. Control | 0.236 | 0.627 | 0.016 |
All athletes | 89 (48.1%) | 96 (51.6%) | All athletes vs. Control | 0.250 | 0.617 | 0.015 | |
Sub-elite | 75 (47.5%) | 83 (52.5%) | Sub-Elite vs. Control | 0.102 | 0.749 | 0.010 | |
Elite | 14 (51.9%) | 13 (48.1%) | Elite vs. Sub-elite | 0.177 | 0.674 | 0.031 | |
Sub-elite Pow | 62 (48.4%) | 66 (51.6%) | Sub-elite Pow vs. Elite Pow | 0.592 | 0.442 | 0.063 | |
Sub-elite End | 13 (43.3%) | 17 (56.7%) | Sub-elite End vs. Sub-elite Pow | 0.254 | 0.614 | 0.040 | |
Elite Pow | 11 (57.9%) | 8 (42.1%) | Elite Pow vs. Elite End | 0.938 | 0.333 | 0.190 | |
Elite End | 3 (37.5%) | 5 (62.5%) | Elite End vs. Sub-elite End | 0.088 | 0.767 | 0.048 | |
AGT (M/T) | Controls | 184 (53.6%) | 159 (46.4%) | Elite vs. Control | 1.164 | 0.281 | 0.056 |
All athletes | 88 (54.7%) | 73 (45.3%) | All athletes vs. Control | 0.045 | 0.831 | 0.010 | |
Sub-elite | 73 (52.9%) | 65 (47.1%) | Sub-Elite vs. Control | 0.022 | 0.882 | 0.007 | |
Elite | 15 (65.2%) | 8 (34.8%) | Elite vs. Sub-elite | 1.207 | 0.272 | 0.087 | |
Sub-elite Pow | 59 (53.2%) | 52 (46.8%) | Sub-elite Pow vs. Elite Pow | 0.621 | 0.431 | 0.070 | |
Sub-elite End | 14 (51.9%) | 13 (48.1%) | Sub-elite End vs. Sub-elite Pow | 0.015 | 0.903 | 0.010 | |
Elite Pow | 9 (64.3%) | 5 (35.7%) | Elite Pow vs. Elite End | 0.014 | 0.907 | 0.024 | |
Elite End | 6 (66.7%) | 3 (33.3%) | Elite End vs. Sub-elite End | 0.600 | 0.439 | 0.130 | |