Brown JW. Crew Height Measurements, the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
Medical Report. Washington, DC: NASA. NASA SP-411; 1977.
Pool-Goudzwaard AL, Belavý DL, Hides JA, et al. Low back pain in microgravity and bed rest studies. Aerosp Med Human Perform. 2015;86:541–7.
Article
Google Scholar
Sayson JV, Hargens AR. Pathophysiology of low back pain during exposure to microgravity. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2008;79:365–73.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Belavy DL, Adams M, Brisby H, et al. Disc herniations in astronauts: what causes them, and what does it tell us about herniation on earth? Eur Spine J. 2016;25:144–54.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chang DG, Healey RM, Snyder AJ, et al. Lumbar spine paraspinal muscle and intervertebral disc height changes in astronauts after long-duration spaceflight on the International Space Station. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2016;41:1917–24.
Article
Google Scholar
McNamara KP, Greene KA, Moore AM, et al. Lumbopelvic muscle changes following long-duration spaceflight. Front Physiol. 2019;10:627.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Andreoni G, Rigotti C, Baroni G, et al. Quantitative analysis of neutral body posture in prolonged microgravity. Gait Posture. 2000;12:235–42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Crevecoeur F, McIntyre J, Thonnard JL, et al. Movement stability under uncertain internal models of dynamics. J Neurophysiol. 2010;104:1301–13.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nicogossian AE, Williams RS, Huntoon CL, et al. Space physiology and medicine: from evidence to practice. 4th ed. New York: Springer; 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6652-3.
Book
Google Scholar
Green DA, Scott JPR. Spinal health during unloading and reloading associated with spaceflight. Front Physiol. 2018;8:1126.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Marshburn TH, Hadfield CA, Sargsyan AE, et al. New heights in ultrasound: first report of spinal ultrasound from the international space station. J Emerg Med. 2014;46:61–70.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Garcia KM, Harrison MF, Sargsyan AE, et al. Real-time ultrasound assessment of astronaut spinal anatomy and disorders on the international space station. J Ultrasound Med. 2018;37:987–99.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ledsome JR, Lessoway V, Susak LE, et al. Diurnal changes in lumbar intervertebral distance, measured using ultrasound. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1996;21:1671–5.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kingsley MI, D’Silva LA, Jennings C, et al. Moderate-intensity running causes intervertebral disc compression in young adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44:2199–204.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Belavý DL, Armbrecht G, Felsenberg D. Incomplete recovery of lumbar intervertebral discs 2 years after 60-day bed rest. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011;37:1245–51.
Article
Google Scholar
Häusler M, Hofstetter L, Schweinhardt P, et al. Influence of body position and axial load on spinal stiffness in healthy young adults. Eur Spine J. 2020;29:455–61.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Swanenburg J, Langenfeld A, Easthope CA, et al. Microgravity and hypergravity induced by parabolic flight differently affect lumbar spinal stiffness. Front Physiol. 2020;11:562557. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.562557.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Glaus LS, Hofstetter L, Guekos A, et al. In vivo measurements of spinal stiffness according to a stepwise increase of axial load. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021;121:2277–83.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Stokes IAF, Gardner-Morse M. Spinal stiffness increases with axial load: another stabilizing consequence of muscle action. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2003;13:397–402.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Petersen N, Jaekel P, Rosenberger A, et al. Exercise in space: the European Space Agency approach to in-flight exercise countermeasures for long-duration missions on ISS. Extreme Physiol Med. 2016;5:9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13728-016-0050-4.
Article
Google Scholar
Belavý DL, Albracht K, Bruggemann GP, et al. Can exercise positively influence the intervertebral disc? Sports Med. 2016;46:473–85.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Scott JPR, Kramer A, Petersen N, et al. The role of long-term head-down bed rest in understanding inter-individual variation in response to the spaceflight environment: a perspective review. Front Physiol. 2021;12:614619. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.614619.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lang T, van Loon JJWA, Bloomfield S, et al. Towards human exploration of space: the THESEUS review series on muscle and bone research priorities. NPJ Microgravity. 2017;3:8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41526-017-0013-0.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Demertzi A, van Ombergen A, Tomilovskaya E, et al. Cortical reorganization in an astronaut’s brain after long-duration spaceflight. Brain Struct Funct. 2016;221:2873–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gallo C, Ridolfi L, Scarsoglio S. Cardiovascular deconditioning during long-term spaceflight through multiscale modeling. NPJ Microgravity. 2020;6:27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41526-020-00117-5.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hides JA, Lambrecht G, Sexton CT, et al. The effects of exposure to microgravity and reconditioning of the lumbar multifidus and anterolateral abdominal muscles: implications for people with LBP. Spine J. 2021;21:477–91.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bailey JF, Miller SL, Khieu K, et al. From the international space station to the clinic: how prolonged unloading may disrupt lumbar spine stability. Spine J. 2018;18:7–14.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Scott JPR, Weber T, Green DA. Introduction to the frontiers research topic: optimization of exercise countermeasures for human space flight—lessons from terrestrial physiology and operational considerations. Front Physiol. 2019;10:173. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00173.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rathinam C, Bridges S, Spokes G, et al. Effects of lycra body suit orthosis on a child with developmental coordination disorder: a case study. J Prosthet Orthot. 2013;25:58–61.
Article
Google Scholar
Waldie JM, Newman DJ. A gravity loading countermeasure skinsuit. Acta Astronaut. 2011;68:722–30.
Article
Google Scholar
Carvil PA, Attias J, Evetts SN, et al. The effect of the gravity loading countermeasure skinsuit upon movement and strength. J Strength Cond Res. 2017;31:154–61.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stabler RA, Rosado H, Doyle R, et al. Impact of the Mk VI SkinSuit on skin microbiota of terrestrial volunteers and an International Space Station-bound astronaut. NPJ Microgravity. 2017;3:23. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41526-017-0029-5.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Carvil PA, Jones M, Home D, Ayer R, Osbourne N, Breen A et al. The effect of 4-hour partial axial reloading via the Mk VI SkinSuit upon recumbent lumbar geometry and kinematics after 8-hour hyperbuoyancy flotation. In: 2nd human physiology workshop (Cologne)
Clément G, le Traon AP. Centrifugation as a countermeasure during actual and simulated microgravity: a review. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004;92:235–48.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Iwasaki KI, Shiozawa T, Kamiya A, et al. Hypergravity exercise against bed rest induced changes in cardiac autonomic control. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005;94:285–91.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stenger MB, Evans JM, Patwardhan AR, et al. Artificial gravity training improves orthostatic tolerance in ambulatory men and women. Acta Astronaut. 2007;60:267–72.
Article
Google Scholar
Frett T, Green DA, Mulder E, et al. Tolerability of daily intermittent or continuous short-arm centrifugation during 60-day 6° head down bed rest (AGBRESA study). PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0239228. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239228.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kramer A, Kümmel J, Dreiner M, et al. Adaptability of a jump movement pattern to a non-constant force field elicited via centrifugation. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0230854. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230854.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Attias J, Grassi A, Bosutti A, et al. Head-down tilt bed rest with or without artificial gravity is not associated with motor unit remodeling. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2020;120:2407–15.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hoffmann F, Rabineau J, Mehrkens D, et al. Cardiac adaptations to 60 day head-down-tilt bed rest deconditioning. Findings from the AGBRESA study. ESC Heart Fail. 2021;8:729–44.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bertolini G, Straumann D. Moving in a moving world: A review on vestibular motion sickness. Front Neurol. 2016;7:14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2016.00014.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Goswami N, Evans J, Schneider S, et al. Effects of individualized centrifugation training on orthostatic tolerance in men and women. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0125780. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125780.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Frett T, Green DA, Arz M, et al. Motion sickness symptoms during jumping exercise on a short-arm centrifuge. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0234361. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234361.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Edinborough L, CP, & GDA. Effect of squat exercise upon lumbar and cervical IVD with 1g and 1.5g at the CoM. (in review).
Saragiotto BT, Maher CG, Yamato TP, et al. Motor control exercise for nonspecific low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2016;41:1284–95.
Article
Google Scholar
Coulombe BJ, Games KE, Neil ER, et al. Core stability exercise versus general exercise for chronic low back pain. J Athl Train. 2017;52:71–2.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Owen PJ, Miller CT, Mundell NL, et al. Which specific modes of exercise training are most effective for treating low back pain? Network meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54:1279–87.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Southwell DJ, Hills NF, McLean L, et al. The acute effects of targeted abdominal muscle activation training on spine stability and neuromuscular control. J NeuroEng Rehabil. 2016;13:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-016-0126-9.
Article
Google Scholar
Leach RA, Parker PL, Veal PS. PulStar differential compliance spinal instrument: a randomized interexaminer and intraexaminer reliability study. J Manip Physiol Ther. 2003;26:493–501.
Article
Google Scholar
Hofstetter L, Häusler M, Wirth B, et al. Instrumented measurement of spinal stiffness: a systematic literature review of reliability. J Manip Physiol Ther. 2018;41:704–11.
Article
Google Scholar
Girod B, Rabenstein R, Stenger A. Einführung in die Systemtheorie. Berlin: Springer; 1997. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-09883-6.
Book
Google Scholar
Hofstetter L, Häusler M, Schweinhardt P, et al. Influence of axial load and a 45-degree flexion head position on cervical spinal stiffness in healthy young adults. Front Physiol. 2021;12:2381.
Article
Google Scholar
Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. The Lancet. 1986;327:307–10.
Article
Google Scholar
Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York: Routledge; 1988. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587.
Book
Google Scholar
Reilly T, Freeman KA. Effects of loading on spinal shrinkage in males of different age groups. Appl Ergon. 2006;37:305–10.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kang S, Chang MC, Kim H, Kim J, Jang Y, Park D, Hwang JM. The effects of paraspinal muscle volume on physiological load on the lumbar vertebral column: a finite-element study. Spine. 2021;46(19):E1015–21. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000004014.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Harper KD, Phillips D, Lopez JM, et al. Acute traumatic thoracolumbar paraspinal compartment syndrome: case report. J Neurosurg Spine. 2018;30:140–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shymon S, Hargens AR, Minkoff LA, et al. Body posture and backpack loading: an upright magnetic resonance imaging study of the adult lumbar spine. Eur Spine J. 2014;23:1407–13.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Urban JP, McMullin JF. Swelling pressure of the lumbar intervertebral discs: influence of age, spinal level, composition, and degeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1988;13:179–81.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Gooyers CE, McMillan RD, Howarth SJ, et al. The impact of posture and prolonged cyclic compressive loading on vertebral joint mechanics. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2012;37:E1023-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e318256f9e6.
Article
Google Scholar
Wilke HJ, Neef P, Caimi M, et al. New in vivo measurements of pressures in the intervertebral disc in daily life. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1999;24:755–62.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Roughley PJ, Alini M, Antoniou J. The role of proteoglycans in aging, degeneration and repair of the intervertebral disc. Biochem Soc Trans. 2002;30:869–74.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fontes RBV, Baptista JS, Rabbani SR, et al. Normal aging in human lumbar discs: an ultrastructural comparison. PLoS ONE. 2019;14:e0218121. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218121.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Vo NV, Hartman RA, Patil PR, et al. Molecular mechanisms of biological aging in intervertebral discs. J Orthop Res. 2016;34:1289.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wade KR, Robertson PA, Thambyah A, et al. How healthy discs herniate: a biomechanical and microstructural study investigating the combined effects of compression rate and flexion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014;39:1018–28.
Article
Google Scholar
Murray KJ, le Grande MR, OrtegaDeMues A, et al. Characterisation of the correlation between standing lordosis and degenerative joint disease in the lower lumbar spine in women and men: a radiographic study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2017;18:330. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12891-017-1696-9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
de Martino E, Hides J, Elliott JM, et al. Lumbar muscle atrophy and increased relative intramuscular lipid concentration are not mitigated by daily artificial gravity after 60-day head-down tilt bedrest. J Appl Physiol. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00990.2020.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Frenken M, Schleich C, Radke KL, Müller-Lutz A, Benedikter C, Franz A, Antoch G, Bittersohl B, Abrar DB, Nebelung S. Imaging of exercise-induced spinal remodeling in elite rowers. J Sci Med Sport. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JSAMS.2021.07.015.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schleich C, Müller-Lutz A, Eichner M, Schmitt B, Matuschke F, Bittersohl B, Zilkens C, Wittsack HJ, Antoch G, Miese F. Glycosaminoglycan chemical exchange saturation transfer of lumbar intervertebral discs in healthy volunteers. Spine. 2016;41(2):146–52. https://doi.org/10.1097/brs.0000000000001144.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chan ST, Fung PK, Ng NY, Ngan TL, Chong MY, Tang CN, He JF, Zheng YP. Dynamic changes of elasticity, cross-sectional area, and fat infiltration of multifidus at different postures in men with chronic low back pain. Spine J: Off J N Am Spine Soc. 2012;12(5):381–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2011.12.004.
Article
Google Scholar
Creze M, Bedretdinova D, Soubeyrand M, Rocher L, Gennisson JL, Gagey O, Maître X, Bellin MF. Posture-related stiffness mapping of paraspinal muscles. J Anat. 2019;234(6):787–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12978.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Frett T, Lecheler L, Speer M, Marcos D, Pesta D, Tegtbur U, Jordan J, Green DA. Comparison of trunk muscle exercises in supine position during short arm centrifugation with 1 g at centre of mass and upright in 1 g centrifugation with 1 g at centre of mass and upright in 1 g. Front Physiol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.955312.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bergmark A. Stability of the lumbar spine. A study in mechanical engineering. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl. 1989;230:1–54.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Swanenburg J, Meier ML, Langenfeld A, et al. Spinal Stiffness in prone and upright postures during 0–1.8 g induced by parabolic flight. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2018;89:563–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Olson MW, Li L, Solomonow M. Interaction of viscoelastic tissue compliance with lumbar muscles during passive cyclic flexion-extension. J Electromyogr Kinesiol: Off J Int Soc Electrophysiol Kinesiol. 2009;19(1):30–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2007.06.011.
Article
Google Scholar