Skip to main content
Download PDF

Comparing position sense and isokinetic strength of the muscles of elbow joint between aikidokas and non-athlete people

BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation volume 15, Article number: 71 (2023) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Aikido is a martial art comprises of locking techniques and falls. During the locking techniques, the elbow joint is forced into extended position. Moreover, the elbow hits the ground during the falling techniques. These might compromise joint position sense (JPS). The objectives of this study were to compare JPS and strength of the muscles of elbow joint between Aikidokas and a non-athlete group and to evaluate the correlation between JPS and muscle strength among Aikidokas.

Methods

All male Jiyushinkai style Aikidokas and a healthy matched non-athlete group participated in this cross-sectional study. Passive JPS at a speed of 4°/s and the isokinetic strength of elbow flexors and extensors were assessed.

Results

Evaluating the isokinetic parameters revealed no significantly difference between the groups in either flexion or extension at speeds of 60 (P-value range: 0.2–0.99) and 120 °/s (P-value range: 0.05–0.96). Also, the groups had no significant difference regarding different types of reconstruction error including constant error (P-value range: 0.38–0.91), variable error (P-value range: 0.09–0.87), and total variability (P-value range: 0.30–0.80). Moreover, very weak to weak correlation was observed between isokinetic parameters and passive JPS (r-value range: 0.01–0.39).

Conclusions

JPS was not impaired in Aikidokas in spite of the repetitive stress applied to the elbow joint during the performance of Aikido techniques. The lack of significant difference in isokinetic between Aikidokas and healthy non-athletes, and the absence of an acceptable correlation between IPS and muscle strength in Aikidokas, might be attributed to the soft nature of Aikido.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

Aikido is a martial art with a defensive nature that people of variety of ages and performance levels can take part in [1]. Ikkyo and sankyo are two locking technics commonly used in Aikido. Ikkyo simultaneously affects joint and nerve biomechanics. During the performance of the technique, the elbow joint is forced into an extended position, while pressure is applied to the nerve on the medial side of the arm [2, 3]. Sankyo is another locking technique used by intermediate to advanced Aikidokas to control the attacker with minimal effort and maximal efficiency [2, 3]. Since performed bilaterally, the locking techniques predispose elbow joint of dominant and non-dominant upper limbs to injury. In fallings (Okemi) techniques, the body hits the ground in an arc commencing with the elbows and continuing on the shoulder and hip joints [4]. Therefore, the elbow joint is vulnerable to injury during the Okemi techniques as well. According to Diesselhorst et al., 19% of the injuries in martial arts were related to the elbow [5]. Moreover, Zetaruk et al. compared five different martial arts and found that the most injury occurrences (28%) was noted in Aikidokas [6]. Furthermore, 27% of Aikido-related injuries involve upper limb joints [7].

The term “proprioception” was first introduced by Sherrington in 1906, who described it as a form of feedback from the limb to central nervous system (CNS) [8]. Proprioception is the product of sensory information provided by nerve terminals known as mechanoreceptors. Mechanoreceptors are located within muscles, ligaments, joints, and fascia. Muscle spindles are considered the most important source of proprioception being highly sensitive to movement and having different distributions throughout the body, reflecting different functional requirements [9]. Repetitive stress to the muscle spindles of the muscles of the elbow joint may compel them to send inappropriate afferent signals to the CNS, which may result in impaired proprioception. Problems with joint capsule, tendons, ligaments and muscles are regarded the main cause of elbow complaints leading to proprioception deficit [10]. As mentioned above, Aikido techniques affect the tendons and other structures surrounding the elbow joint. Proprioception deficits can play a role in several tendon diseases like that proven by Juul-Kristensen et al. for patients with lateral epicondylitis [11]. Despite its great importance, evaluation of elbow proprioception, particularly in martial arts like Aikido is still in its infancy. Ozden and colleagues found that more errors seem to occur in elbow proprioception in comparison to shoulder proprioception during sport activities [12].

Muscular strength is one of the most important factors plausibly affecting human performance, enabling athletes to overcome the external loads applied to the body and enabling motion. Muscles traversing or originating from the elbow, provide the stability of the joint in all the movement planes [13]. Muscle strength and proprioception are combined together in functional motor performance in ADLs and sport.

Considering the vital role of joint proprioception in various aspects of sensorimotor control, its thorough evaluation is particularly important in people who are susceptible to proprioceptive injuries [14]. Regarding the basic role of muscle spindles in encoding proprioceptive and force-related variables, we hypothesized that there might be a strong correlation between the changes in proprioception and muscle strength among Aikidokas [15]. Also, regarding the corroborating role of muscle strength and proprioception, it could be speculated that repetitive strain to elbow joint during practicing Aikido, might damage the mechanoreceptors, resulting in deafferentation and subsequent decrease in elbow proprioception. Accordingly, following damage to mechanoreceptors, the neuromuscular response required for joint stability would be disrupted. Hence, the stability deteriorates [12]. However, there is a dearth of studies evaluating the possibility of this relationship. Hence, the objectives of this study were: (1) to compare joint position sense and strength of the muscles of elbow joint between Aikidokas and healthy matched people and (2) to see if there were considerable correlation between joint position sense and muscle strength among Aikidokas.

Methods

Experimental approach

It was a cross-sectional study conducted between January and May 2022 at the Rehabilitation Research Center of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Vice Chancellor of Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in accordance with the standards of the Helsinki declaration (Ethics code: IR.SUMS.REHAB.REC.1399.040). All the participants signed an informed consent form after being given a detailed explanation about the study procedure.

The inclusion criteria for the Aikido group were as follows: (1) at least one-year experience in practicing Aikido (2) practice 2–4 days a week for 1.5 to 2 h [16].

Individuals with diseases affecting musculoskeletal or neurological systems and those who had participated in other sports [17] were excluded from the study.

Participants

The participants were male Aikidokas who had accomplished first or second kyu (intermediate) degrees and all dan (advanced) degrees [16]. Our population consisted of all Jiyushinkai style Aikidokas of Shiraz practicing in Fajr and Takhti dojos. Twenty-one male Aikidokas participated in our study. Both dominant and non-dominant upper limbs were evaluated. The control group had no history of pain or injury in the elbow area in the last 6 months and were matched with Aikidokas in terms of age and body mass index (BMI) [18].

Procedures

To identify the dominant limb, Edinburgh Dominance Hand Questionnaire was used. The questionnaire was designed by Oldfield in 1971 to determine hand preference in normal population [19]. This questionnaire includes questions on performing daily activities.

Passive joint position sense and isokinetic strength of elbow flexors and extensors were evaluated using the Biodex system 4 (Biodex Medical Systems, Inc, Shirley, New York) with acceptable reliability and repeatability to investigate athletic performance [20]. Participants used blindfolds and headphones during the sense of position test [14, 18]. To measure the sense of position, the hip and knee joints were bent to approximately 90 degrees and the trunk was fixed with a strap. The forearm was placed in a neutral position on the armrest [16, 21]. The axis of the dynamometer was aligned with the axis of the elbow joint [21, 22]. To compensate for the effect of gravity, the hand was comfortably placed on a lever arm and the weight of the hand was measured and removed.

Position sense assessment

Passive joint position sense was performed at a speed of 4°/s [1]. Before the main test, the participants had a familiarization session with tests. The starting angle of the movement was at 60 degrees of flexion. The target angle was randomly selected at either 30 or 90 degrees of flexion. During flexion test, the elbow was shifted toward the target angle (90-degree flexion) passively, and in order for the person to learn the position of the hand, the device was stopped at the target angle for five seconds. The target angle was recorded in the device. Then, the forearm was returned to the starting angle (60 degrees of flexion). When the elbow reached the target angle by the device, the participant pressed the stop button and the error value was recorded. Following a 60-second rest, the next step commenced. The elbow was moved to the other target angle (30-degree flexion) by the device, and the above steps were repeated. Each trial repeated 3 times [23], and the absolute error of each trial was recorded for future analysis. To have a precise measurement and better understanding of the possible mechanisms involved in passive joint position reconstruction, we calculated other measures of error including constant error (CE), variable error (VE), and total variability (E) [24]. CE is calculated using the following formula:

CE = Σ (xi − T) / n.

where xi is the score on trial i, “T” is the target, and “n” is the number of trials the participant performed. CE is given in units representing the amount and direction of deviation relative to the target, sometimes called bias.

VE is a measure of inconsistency in movement outcome and is calculated by the formula:

VE= \(\surd {\Sigma }(\)xi – M)2 / n.

where “M” is the participant’s average movement, measured in the same units as the scores for the trial [24].

“E” could be thought of as the measure of overall error. It represents the overall measure of how successful the participant was in achieving the target. Total variability is calculated by the following formula:

E= \(\surd {\Sigma }(\)xi − T)2 /n [24].

Isokinetic strength assessment

The dynamometer was calibrated according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The position of the participants during isokinetic tests was the same as joint position sense. Subjects performed concentric and eccentric contractions as warm-up at two speeds (60 and 120°/s) before performing the test [25]. The starting angle of the movement was at 0 degrees of flexion. The participant was asked to perform concentric contractions from 0° to 90° flexion with an angular speed of 60°/s and 120°/s. Eccentric contractions from 90° flexion to 0° flexion with a speed of -60°/s and − 120°/s were performed as well. The participants were instructed to perform the test with maximal effort. Each trial repeated five times at a speed of 60 and 120 °/s, with a 60-second rest between the trials [26].

The evaluated parameters were peak torque normalized to body weight, maximum repetition total work, total work, and average power.

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). The normal distribution of data was verified by Shapiro-Wilk test. Descriptive data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Between-group comparison was performed using univariate ANOVA. The effect size was evaluated using partial eta square. The partial eta square values are interpreted as 0.01 equal to small effects, 0.06 as moderate effect, and 0.14 as a large effect. The correlation between JPS and isokinetic parameters was evaluated by Pearson correlation coefficient (r). The “r” values were interpreted as: 0–0.19 = very weak correlation, 0.2–0.39 = weak correlation, 0.4–0.69 = moderate correlation, 0.7–0.89 = strong correlation, and 0.9–1.00 = very strong correlation. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant [27].

Results

Demographic data of the participants is summarized in Table 1.No significant difference was observed between the groups regarding demographic data.

Table 1 Demographic data of the participants
Full size table

Comparison of isokinetic data between the groups at speeds of 60˚/sec and 120˚/sec are depicted in Tables 2 and 3 respectively. The isokinetic parameters were not significantly different between the groups in either direction at both speeds.

Table 2 Comparison of isokinetic data between the groups at a speed of 60˚/sec in flexion and extension
Full size table
Table 3 Comparison of isokinetic data between the groups at a speed of 120˚/sec in flexion and extension
Full size table

The between-group comparison of constant error, variable error, and total variability during passive reconstruction of target angles (30 and 90 degrees) are depicted in Table 4.

Table 4 Comparison of different errors during passive reconstruction of target angles between the groups
Full size table

The groups had no significant difference regarding different types of reconstruction error.

Regarding the correlation between the isokinetic strength at speeds of 60˚/sec and 120˚/sec, and JPS at both 30- and 90-degrees target angles, “very weak” to “weak” correlations were observed (Table 5).

Table 5 Correlation between the isokinetic strength at speeds of 60˚/sec and 120˚/sec, and JPS at both 30- and 90-degrees target angles
Full size table

Discussion

This study was two-fold: First, to compare the elbow JPS and isokinetic strength of elbow joint muscles between asymptomatic Aikidokas and matched healthy non-athletes; and second, to evaluate the relationship between the elbow JPS and muscle strength in Aikidokas.

The results showed that the elbow JPS and the isokinetic strength of the elbow flexors and extensors did not differ significantly between the groups, and no considerable correlation was found between the elbow JPS and the isokinetic strength of the elbow muscles in Aikidokas.

The lack of evidence evaluating elbow joint proprioception and muscle strength and investigating the probable correlation between them in Aikidokas, preclude us to compare the results of the present study with those of the previous ones. A previous study by Sanati et al., [1] also found no significant difference in wrist JPS between the male Aikidokas and healthy non-athlete matched group. Our results indicated that although the elbow joint is frequently encountered to potentially deleterious forces, including repeated twisting and locking maneuvers in Aikidokas, the elbow JPS was not deteriorated. Although this could be promising, some points should not be ignored. According to Firat and Uysal [23], the proprioceptive ability of the elbow joint, as an intermediate joint, is not merely depend upon its structures, but it also supplied by the wrist and shoulder elements. Therefore, it has been suggested that the evaluation and treatment of elbow joint proprioception should be designed in a complementary approach and should not solely focus on the elbow joint. In contrast to our findings, Niespodzinski et al. found that untrained boys had higher errors in elbow JPS than young and adult gymnasts [28]. This controversy could be attributed to the fact that gymnastic training peculiarly consisted of explosive and strength endurance exercises with body weight load, as well as coordination training [28]. Cho and Park found a significant correlation between JPS and peroneal strength in patients with chronic lateral ankle instability [29]. It should be noted that their participants suffered from chronic lateral ankle instability, while ours had no apparent disability.

Considering the Aikido as a martial art, rather than a competitive martial sport, it makes sense that there is no difference in the isokinetic strength of the elbow flexor and extensor muscles between the Aikidokas and healthy matched people. A previous study by Fong et al. [30] found that training in Ving Tsun martial art, could improve elbow extensor isometric peak force in middle-aged and older adults. Ving Tsun is characterized by rapid and forceful punching and arm techniques and is more strenuous than Aikido; thus, it may be a suitable exercise for practitioners to improve their muscle strength.

No correlation was found between the muscle strength and JPS at the elbow joint in Aikidokas. There is a lack of literature on the association between muscle strength and proprioception. strength training has been demonstrated to improve JPS at the shoulder [31] and ankle joint [32] in asymptomatic individuals and those with functionally unstable ankles, respectively. As mentioned earlier, Aikido does not directly focus on the strength training programs; thus, this may explain the lack of correlation between muscle strength and JPS of the Aikidokas. In line with our findings, Sanati et al. [1] reported no moderate to strong correlation between wrist JPS and muscle strength either.

This was the first study to compare the elbow JPS and muscles strength between Aikidokas and matched healthy non-athletes and also, the first one to evaluate the correlation between elbow JPS and muscle strength in Aikidokas. This study had some limitations. First, it was conducted only on male Aikidokas; so, the results could not be generalized to female Aikidokas. Second, we recruited Aikidokas of Jiyushinkai style; therefore, the results cannot be generalized to Aikidokas practicing other styles. Additionally, the participants had no continual training for about one year before the assessment session due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although all the Aikidokas had at least one year of experience prior to the pandemic, this one-year suspension of training could have contaminated the results. Moreover, the evaluation of the elbow joint proprioception alone in the present study, would not provide useful information about the JPS of the adjacent joints; simultaneous evaluation of the adjacent joints should be considered in future studies. In addition, in the present study, proprioception was evaluated only passively through JPS. Further studies are warranted to measure active JPS as well as other sub-modalities of proprioception at the elbow joint of Aikidokas.

Conclusions

Despite the repetitive stress applied to the elbow joint during the performance of Aikido techniques, the JPS of the elbow joint was not impaired in Aikidokas. It was also hypothesized that the lack of significant difference in isokinetic strength of elbow muscles between Aikidokas and healthy non-athletes, or the lack of an acceptable correlation between IPS and muscle strength in Aikidokas, might be attributed to the soft nature of Aikido.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

BMI:

Body Mass Index

CE:

Constant Error

CNS:

Central Nervous System

E:

Total Variability

JPS:

Joint Position Sense

VE:

Variable Error

References

  1. Sanati E, Kordi Yoosefinejad A, Parandavarfard S, Yazdani F. Comparison of sense of wrist joint position between aikidokas and healthy people. Ido Mov Culture J Martial Arts Anthrop. 2021;21(1):38–46.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Seitz FC, Olson GD, Stenzel TE. A martial arts exploration of elbow anatomy: Ikkyo (Aikido’s first teaching). Percept Mot Skills. 1991;73(3 suppl):1227–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Montevecchi U. Hand and wrist injuries in Aikido. Hand and wrist injuries in Combat Sports. Springer; 2018. pp. 141–65.

  4. Ueshiba K. The art of Aikido: principles and essential techniques. Kodansha International, USA; 2004.

  5. Diesselhorst MM, Rayan GM, Pasque CB, Peyton Holder R. Survey of upper extremity injuries among martial arts participants. Hand Surg. 2013;18(02):151–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Zetaruk M, Violan M, Zurakowski D, Micheli L. Injuries in martial arts: a comparison of five styles. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(1):29–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Kurland H. A comparison of judo and aikido injuries. Physician Sportsmed. 1980;8(6):71–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Herrington L, Horsley I, Rolf C. Evaluation of shoulder joint position sense in both asymptomatic and rehabilitated professional rugby players and matched controls. Phys Ther Sport. 2010;11(1):18–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Röijezon U, Clark NC, Treleaven J. Proprioception in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Part 1: Basic science and principles of assessment and clinical interventions. Man Ther. 2015;20(3):368–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kaya D, Proprioception. The forgotten sixth sense. Foster City UOG: OMICS Group eBooks; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Schiffke-Juhász B, Knobloch K, Vogt P, Hoy L. Proprioceptive elbow training reduces pain and improves function in painful lateral epicondylitis—a prospective trial. J Orthop Surg Res. 2021;16:468. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-021-02602-3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Ozden F, Yesilyaprak SS, Foam, Rolling. Elbow proprioception, strength, and Functional Motor Performance. J Athl Train. 2021;56(10):1112–23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Card RK, Lowe JB. Anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, elbow joint. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan. 2022 Jul 25.

  14. Riemann BL, Myers JB, Lephart SM. Sensorimotor system measurement techniques. J Athl Train. 2002;37(1):85.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Michael Dimitriou. (2022) Human muscle spindles are wired to function as controllable signal-processing devices eLife 11:e78091.

  16. Reguli Z, Bernaciková M, Kumstát M. Anthropometric Characteristics and Body Composition in Aikido Practitioners. Int J Morphol 2016; 34(2).

  17. Huang CC, Yang YH, Chen CH, Chen TW, Lee CL, Wu CL, Chuang SH, Huang MH. Upper extremities flexibility comparisons of collegiate “soft” martial art practitioners with other athletes. Int J Sports Med. 2008;29(03):232–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Juul-Kristensen B, Lund H, Hansen K, Christensen H, Danneskiold-Samsøe B, Bliddal H. Poorer elbow proprioception in patients with lateral epicondylitis than in healthy controls: a cross-sectional study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2008;17(1):72–S81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Ellis SJ, Ellis PJ, Marshall E. Hand preference in a normal population. Cortex. 1988;24(1):157–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Bassan NM, Simões LB, Cesar TEAS, Caritá RAC, de Lima LCR, Denadai BS, Greco CC. Reliability of isometric and isokinetic peak torque of elbow flexors and elbow extensors muscles in trained swimmers. Rev Bras de Cineantropometria e Desempenho Hum. 2015;17:507–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Pousson M, Lepers R, Van Hoecke J. Changes in isokinetic torque and muscular activity of elbow flexors muscles with age. Exp Gerontol. 2001;36(10):1687–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Deighan M, De Ste Croix M, Armstrong N. Reliability of isokinetic concentric and eccentric knee and elbow extension and flexion in 9–10 year old boys. Isokinet Exerc Sci. 2003;11(2):109–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Firat T, Uysal Ö. Proprioception after Elbow Injury, surgery, and Rehabilitation. Proprioception in Orthopaedics. Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation: Springer; 2018. pp. 47–56.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  24. Schmidt RA, Lee TD, Winstein C, Wulf G, Zelaznik HN. Motor control and learning: a behavioral emphasis. Human kinetics; 2018.

  25. Nogueira FRD, Libardi CA, Vechin FC, Lixandrão ME, de Barros Berton RP, de Souza TMF, Conceicao MS, Cavaglieri CR, Chacon-Mikahil MPT. Comparison of maximal muscle strength of elbow flexors and knee extensors between younger and older men with the same level of daily activity. Clin Interv Aging. 2013;8:401.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Cengizel E. Isokinetic strength of the dominant and non-dominant elbow in elite male volleyball players. J educ learn. 2019;8(6).

  27. Farazdaghi MR, Mansoori A, Vosoughi O, Kordi Yoosefinejad A. Evaluation of the reliability and validity of the Persian version of patient-rated elbow evaluation questionnaire. Rheumatol int. 2017;37(5):743–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Niespodziński B, Mieszkowski J, Sawczyn S, Kochanowicz K, Szulc A, Zasada M, Kochanowicz A. Elbow joint position and force senses in Young and adult untrained people and gymnasts. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Jul;19(13):7592.

  29. Cho BK, Park JK. Correlation between joint-position sense, peroneal strength, postural control, and functional performance ability in patients with chronic lateral ankle instability. Foot Ankle Int. 2019;40(8):961–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Fong SSM, Ng SSM, Cheng YTY, Wong JY, Yu EY, Chow GCC, Chak YTC, Chan IKY, Zhang J, Macfarlane D, Chung LMY. Effects of Ving Tsun Chinese martial art training on upper extremity muscle strength and eye-hand coordination in community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults: a pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:4013989.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Salles JI, Velasques B, Cossich V, Nicoliche E, Ribeiro P, Amaral MV, Motta G. Strength training and shoulder proprioception. J Athl Train. 2015;50(3):277–80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Docherty CL, Moore JH, Arnold BL. Effects of strength training on strength development and joint position sense in functionally unstable ankles. J Athl Train. 1998;33(4):310.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We appreciate all the subjects for their kind participation in our study.

Funding

This study was supported by a grant from Vice Chancellor of Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Rezvan Mirsalari

  2. Physical Therapy Department, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Amin Kordi Yoosefinejad, Farzaneh Yazdani & Farzaneh Haghighat

  3. Rehabilitation Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Amin Kordi Yoosefinejad

  4. Jiyushinkai Aikido director, Head of central (Takhti) Dojo, Shiraz, Iran

    Ali Asghar Amiripanah

  5. Head of Technical Committee, Jiyushinkai Aikido director, Head of Fajr Dojo, Shiraz, Iran

    Saeid Parandavarfard

Authors
  1. Rezvan Mirsalari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Amin Kordi Yoosefinejad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Farzaneh Yazdani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Farzaneh Haghighat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ali Asghar Amiripanah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Saeid Parandavarfard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

RM and FH researched literature and conceived the study. AKYN, FY, AAA, and SP were involved in protocol development, gaining ethical approval, patient recruitment and data analysis. AKYN, FH and RM wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amin Kordi Yoosefinejad.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Vice Chancellor of Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in accordance with the standards of the Helsinki declaration (Ethics code: IR.SUMS.REHAB.REC.1399.040). All the participants signed an informed consent form after being given a detailed explanation about the study procedure.

Consent for publication

Not Applicable.

Competing interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mirsalari, R., Kordi Yoosefinejad, A., Yazdani, F. et al. Comparing position sense and isokinetic strength of the muscles of elbow joint between aikidokas and non-athlete people. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 15, 71 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-023-00677-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-023-00677-5

Keywords

BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation

ISSN: 2052-1847

Contact us